卫星城在中国——上海的大城市疏散经验(1949—1978)  

Satellite Town in China:Large City Evacuation Experiences in Shanghai(1949—1978)

作　　者：许皓 李百浩[2] 李朝 XU Hao;LI Baihao;LI Zhao

机构地区：[1]扬州大学建筑科学与工程学院 [2]东南大学建筑学院 [3]山东建筑大学建筑城规学院

出　　处：《南方建筑》2024年第8期78-87,共10页South Architecture

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究项目(22YJCZH206):新中国早期京沪两地的城市改造及空间形态演变研究(1949—1965);山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2022QE255):基于文本定量统计的中国近代城市规划实践形成研究(1909—1949)。

摘　　要：作为抑制大城市扩张的规划智慧,卫星城在诸多国家产生了广泛而深远的影响,也是中国城市规划历史理论的重要组成部分。新中国成立后,上海成为实践卫星城理论的先驱,规划建设了第一批卫星城:闵行、吴泾、安亭、松江、嘉定。基于上海市档案馆的馆藏资料,结合关键规划人物,相关规划文本、事件,从城市规划史的视角追溯和评价了1949-1978年间上海卫星城理论的引入过程及实践成效。研究认为卫星城之所以能够被“传播-接纳”,是因为其迎合了城市“减人”政策,实现了工业降本增效,缓解了粮食供应紧张;发现新中国早期的城市规划理论并非全部源自苏联模式,欧洲经验是不可忽视的组成部分,哈罗、贝席尔登、魏林比等战后新城曾被视为理想的规划模型;提出建立卫星城更多考虑的是支撑国家工业化目标,实践过程中,工业化的优先等级高于人口疏散及社会生活,反映了在特定历史情境下,规划实践对初始设想的适应性改变。有助于重新审视中国现代城市规划及其外来影响,加深对规划理论与实践之间复杂关系的认知。As a strategic approach to curb the expansion of large cities,satellite towns have had a wide and profound impact in many countries and are an important part of China's urban planning history.Early modern Chinese plans,such as the Greater Shanghai Plan and the Ten-Year Construction Plan for the Capital,employed the Satellite Town Theory,although the plans were not implemented.After establishing the People's Republic of China,Shanghai became a pioneer in practicing the theory of satellite towns,constructing the first batch of satellite towns:Minhang,Wujing,Anting,Songjiang,and Jiading.Based on data collected from the Shanghai Archives and considering key planning figures,relevant planning documents,and events,this study traces and evaluates the introduction and practical effectiveness of the Satellite Town Theory in Shanghai from 1949 to 1978 from the perspective of urban planning history.The study found:(1)it is believed that the introduction of Satellite Town Theory in China is based on comprehensive considerations of factors such as population decentralization,industrial layout adjustment,and alleviation of food shortages.First,the Great Leap Forward(1958-1960)led to a significant influx of rural population into cities,resulting in high population densities in urban centers.Satellite towns catered to the policy of urban"population reduction,"facilitating a balanced urban-rural structure.Second,during the First Five-Year Plan period(1953-1957),urban construction led to a mix of production and living areas,reducing the efficiency of urban operations.Satellite towns provided a platform for rapid industrial expansion,enabling a more cost-effective optimization of the urban industrial layout.Additionally,as the population of large cities continued to grow,so did the demand for food.Relocating some urban populations to satellite towns helped reduce the strain on food and other supplies in cities.(2)The early urban planning theories in the People's Republic of China were not entirely derived from the Soviet model;Euro

关 键 词：卫星城 新城 城市规划史 人口疏散 区域规划 工业布局 

分 类 号：TU-098.1[建筑科学—建筑理论]