空间与权利:轮椅设计源流考略及其对现代轮椅设计的启示  

Space and Rights:A Historical Review of Wheelchair Design and Its Insights for Modern Wheelchair Design

作　　者：侯冠华 沈旭媛 Hou Guanhua;Shen Xuyuan

机构地区：[1]东南大学艺术学院 [2]宁波大学

出　　处：《艺术设计研究》2024年第4期55-64,共10页Art & Design Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金艺术学专项“适老化设计理论(1950-2021)的演进逻辑与中国实践路径研究”(项目编号:22BG139)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：设计师长期关注轮椅的“技术物”属性,而忽视其“社会物”属性。轮椅的使用空间是用户展开社会生活与实践的场所,其空间性如何在设计流变中由社会形塑,对当代设计有何启示?本研究采用历史性研究方法对轮椅设计源流进行梳理,发现早期轮椅是社会身份隐喻与贵族社交媒介,空间形态表现出自我展示的戏剧性;18至20世纪,经由绅士文化、休闲文化与消费主义等社会文化驱动,轮椅的使用空间转变为更具真实性的实用“场景”,形成家庭空间与休闲空间两条脉络;进入20世纪,空间成为权利与治理技艺的意识形态,轮椅进入公共空间的合法性遭遇质疑,轮椅设计成为空间权利重构的重要力量。轮椅空间趋向于社会生活的场所化空间,轮椅设计应服务用户私人空间的日常性、增强公共空间的归属感,并助力社会群体参与出行资源与空间的使用、共享与决策。The space of wheelchair usage serves as a venue for users to engage in social life and activities,with its spatial characteristics being shaped by societal influences throughout its design evolution.In the early stages,wheelchairs symbolized social identity and acted as mediums for aristocratic social interactions,characterized by a dramatic form of self-presentation.From the 18th to the 20th century,driven by cultural movements such as gentlemanly culture,leisure culture,and consumerism,the space of wheelchair usage transformed into more authentic and practical"scenes,"evolving along two main trajectories:domestic space and leisure space.Entering the 20th century,under the ideology of space as a matter of rights and governance techniques,the legitimacy of wheelchairs in public spaces faced challenges.Wheelchair design thus became a significant force in the reconstruction of spatial rights.Research indicates that wheelchair spaces tend to become localized spaces of social life,reflecting the daily living conditions and social interactions of their users.These localized spaces form networks of social spatial rights and involve the rational allocation of mobility resources.

关 键 词：轮椅设计 空间与权利 设计转向 文化动因 设计启示 

分 类 号：J05[艺术—艺术理论]