页岩气水力压裂开发的环境效应研究进展  

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SHALE GAS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING DEVELOPMENT:A CRITICAL REVIEW

作　　者：王礼恒[1,2] 董艳辉 杨春[3] 李守定 李晓[1,2] WANG Liheng;DONG Yanhui;YANG Chun;LI Shouding;LI Xiao(Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;School of Geophysics and Information Technology,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京100029 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]中国地质大学(北京),地球物理与信息技术学院,北京100083

出　　处：《工程地质学报》2024年第4期1447-1458,共12页Journal of Engineering Geology

基　　金：重点研发计划项目(资助号:2023YFC3708005)。

摘　　要：水力压裂技术在改造低渗储层中得到广泛应用但其带来的环境问题也备受关注,主要包括水资源消耗、地表水与地下水污染、诱发地震等。本文通过调研国内外页岩气开发环境效应相关研究进展,针对上述环境负面效应评述目前还存在的问题与下一步研究方向。对比常规油气和其他能源开发,水力压裂作业单位能源用水密度并非最高,且总用水量占地区水资源供给量较低,不会显著增加供水压力。发展新型水基压裂液或无水压裂技术、或充分回用返排液都是减轻水力压裂消耗水资源的有效手段。油气盆地沉积地层渗透率特征及地下流体运动驱动力性质共同决定了由水力压裂作业导致压裂液及地层卤水向上直接污染浅部含水层的可能性极低,已知的甲烷、压裂液及地层卤水造成的水资源污染均是由完井施工缺陷或储运管理不当造成的。但利用地球化学与同位素方法进行水力压裂作业污染物溯源仍存在不确定性,因此完善地表水与地下水监测方案、构建适当的污染指标体系、提升对压裂液与地层卤水在复杂地层中迁移规律模拟预测能力、加强压裂液与返排液监管是应对水资源污染的有效方案。水力压裂作业一定程度上造成气田周边地震活动增加,未来需要进一步完善地震风险评估与预测预警,最大程度降低诱发地震带来的风险。The hydraulic fracturing(HF)technique,pivotal in enhancing permeability,has found widespread application in shale gas extraction endeavors.However,the extensive utilization of HF has elicited significant environmental issues,prompting substantial public scrutiny.This study conducts a comprehensive review and synthesis of research advances concerning the environmental ramifications of shale gas extraction,particularly focusing on investigations conducted in China,North America,and other pertinent regions.Subsequently,it scrutinizes the potential environmental challenges arising from HF and posits corresponding mitigation strategies.The findings indicate that the water consumption density associated with shale gas extraction through HF does not rank highest among various energy extraction modalities,such as conventional oil and gas exploitation,geothermal energy utilization,and nuclear energy production.The aggregate water utilization for HF typically constitutes a minor fraction of regional water consumption and does not appreciably escalate water supply pressures.To curtail water usage,the adoption of flowback water recycling emerges as a potent strategy.Furthermore,the exploration of foam-based fracturing fluids or the utilization of supercritical CO_(2) as fracturing agents represents alternative avenues for conserving water resources.The likelihood of groundwater contamination from HF fluids and formation brines migrating upward through newly formed fractures and reactivated pre-existing faults during shale gas extraction is deemed negligible.This is primarily ascribed to the prevailing low permeability of sedimentary basin formations and constrained hydraulic gradients from shale reservoirs to shallow aquifers.Instances of shallow groundwater contamination predominantly stem from well completion deficiencies or inadequate storage and handling practices.Nonetheless,uncertainties persist in the identification of pollutant sources through geochemical and isotopic methods during HF operations.Establishing compreh

关 键 词：水力压裂 页岩气 水资源消耗 水资源污染 诱发地震 

分 类 号：P66[天文地球—地质学]