不同改性生物炭对稻田氮素损失及产量的影响  

Effect of different modified biochar treatments on nitrogen loss and rice yield in paddy fields

作　　者：衣本骥 刘畅[1] 韩宏伟 张丰 陈涛涛[1,2] 孟军[2] 迟道才[1] YI Ben-ji;LIU Chang;HAN Hong-wei;ZHANG Feng;CHEN Tao-tao;MENG Jun;CHI Dao-cai(College of Water Resources,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110866,China;College of Agronomy,National Institute of Biochar,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110866,China)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学水利学院,辽宁沈阳110866 [2]沈阳农业大学国家生物炭研究院,农业农村部生物炭与土壤改良重点实验室,辽宁沈阳110866

出　　处：《中国环境科学》2024年第9期5122-5133,共12页China Environmental Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助面上项目(52379043);辽宁省应用基础研究计划项目青年专项(2023030237-JH2/1016);辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC1902064)。

摘　　要：为进一步挖掘稻田生态系统生物炭增效、节肥和减排潜力,以无生物炭为对照(CK),设置玉米秸秆生物炭(B)、酸化生物炭(B_(pH))、氮负载生物炭(B_(NH_(4)))、铁改性生物炭(B_(Fe))和钙改性生物炭(B_(Ca))6个处理,通过2a试验,对生物炭阳离子交换量(CEC)、含氧官能团以及其处理下水稻产量、氮素提取、氨挥发、氮素淋失和土壤氮残余等进行了研究.结果表明:与B相比,B_(pH)、B_(NH_(4))和B_(Fe)分别显著提升生物炭CEC(53.9%、29.6%和28.2%),且4种改性处理均可显著提升生物炭-COOH、-OH、C=O、O-H等含氧官能团浓度,增强生物炭吸氮能力.全生育期累积氨挥发在9.1~19.9kg/hm^(2)(2021)和8.5~13.7kg/hm^(2)(2022)之间,除B_(NH_(4))降氨效果明显(44.6%)外,其他处理第1年对氨挥发无显著影响;而B_(Ca)、B_(NH_(4))和B_(Fe)在第2a均显著降低氨挥发,较CK分别降低33.5%、37.5%和37.8%.4种改性生物炭连续2a,较CK降低氮素淋失19.0%和35.2%(B_(pH))、15.0%和21.0%(B_(Ca))、11.3%和28.7%(B_(NH_(4)))、12.6%和29.0%(B_(Fe)).B在第1年对产量无显著影响,但老化1年后增产显著(8.8%);B_(pH)和B_(NH_(4))连续2a分别增产19.7%和12.2%(2021年),11.5%和5.8%(2022年).B_(pH)、B_(Ca)和B_(NH_(4))在2a均显著降低了活性氮排放,降幅为23.4%、21.8%和42.3%(2021年)和23.5%、30.5%和35.5%(2022年).不同生物炭处理第1a土壤矿化氮残余无显著差异;但B_(Ca)、B_(NH_(4))和B_(Fe)第2a增效显著.同时考虑增产、活性氮减排和矿化氮可持续性,B_(NH_(4))综合效果最佳,同CK相比,2021和2022年分别可降低氨挥发42.3%和35.5%,铵态氮淋失10.6%和29.0%,硝态氮淋失14.7%和23.4%,氮素积累提高13.4%和4.3%以及矿化氮残余提高15.0%和17.9%,最终增产19.7%和5.7%.In order to further explore the potential of biochar in rice ecosystems for efficiency,fertilizer savings and emission reduction,six treatments of maize stover biochar (B),acidified biochar (B_(pH)),nitrogen-loaded biochar (B_(NH_(4))),iron-modified biochar(B_(Fe)) and calcium-modified biochar (B_(Ca)) were set up in a 2-year experiment using no biochar as the control (CK) to study the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the biochar,the oxygen-containing functional groups,as well as rice yield,nitrogen extraction,ammonia volatilization,nitrogen leaching and soil nitrogen residues under their treatments were investigated.The results showed that B_(pH),B_(NH_(4)) and B_(Fe) significantly increased the CEC of biochar (53.9%,29.6% and 28.2%) compared with B.All four modified treatments significantly increased the concentration of oxygenated functional groups,such as-COOH,-OH,C=O,and O-H,to enhance the nitrogen uptake capacity of biochar.The cumulative ammonia volatilization ranged from 9.1 to 19.9kg/hm (2021) and 8.49 to13.7kg/hm (2022) over the whole reproductive period,and except for B_(NH_(4)),which had a significant ammonia reducing effect (44.6%),B,B_(pH),B_(Ca),and B_(Fe) had no significant effect on ammonia volatilization in the first year;whereas,B_(Ca),B_(NH_(4)),and B_(Fe )all significantly reduced ammonia volatilization by 33.5%,37.5%and 37.8%,respectively,compared to CK.The four modified biochars reduced nitrogen leaching by 19.0%and 35.2%(B_(pH)),15.0%and 21.0%(B_(Ca)),11.3%and 28.7%(B_(NH_(4))),and 12.6%and 29.0%(B_(Fe))compared to CK in 2consecutive years.B had no significant effect on yield in year 1effect in year 1,but significantly increased yield(8.8%) after 1year of aging;B_(pH) and B_(NH_(4))were both effective for 2consecutive years,increasing yield by 19.7%and 12.2%(2021),and 11.49% and 5.8%(2022),respectively.B_(pH),B_(Ca),and B_(NH_(4))significantly reduced reactive nitrogen emissions in 2 years,with reductions of 23.4%,21.8% and 42.3%(2021) and 23.5%,30.5%and 35.5%(2022);B_(Fe) 2a had a mixed

关 键 词：不同改性生物炭 田面水 氨挥发 淋溶 水稻产量 氮素去向 

分 类 号：X171.1[环境科学与工程—环境科学] S511[农业科学—作物学] S154.1