先秦秦汉时期伏羲祭祀的历史变迁  

Historical Changes of the Sacrifice for Fuxi During Pre-Qin and Qin-Han Period

作　　者：刘全波[1] Liu Quanbo(Institute of Dunhuang Studies,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou Gansu 730020,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学敦煌学研究所,甘肃兰州730020

出　　处：《天水师范学院学报》2024年第3期64-71,共8页Journal of Tianshui Normal University

基　　金：2023年甘肃省哲学社会科学规划项目“天水伏羲祭祀的发展演进及其蕴含的人文精神研究”(2023YB085)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：公元前672年,即秦宣公四年,设密畤,祭青帝,就是祭祀伏羲的萌芽。如果西畤、鄜畤与伏羲祭祀无关,此密畤与伏羲的关系就是不言而喻的。秦人利用畤祭,逐步建立了与诸天神沟通的桥梁,从西方到东方,从白帝到青帝,从少昊到太昊,源远流长的太昊伏羲祭祀就是起源于此时。就算秦人心目中的青帝与后人眼中的太昊伏羲氏之间还有距离,但毫无质疑的是,后人眼中的太昊伏羲氏在很多时候继承了青帝的位置与功能。汉承秦制,西汉时期的伏羲祭祀仍然在畤祭传统中延续,直到王莽时代,畤祭传统被终结,但是伏羲信仰已经深入民间,甚至煊赫一时。秦人的畤祭传统或与羌、戎有关,月氏、匈奴等大都有祭天的传统,但秦人从来不是因循守旧者,他们又有所创新,他们不自觉地将中原传统与羌、戎祭天信仰融合起来,开启并完善了畤祭制度。In 672 B.C.,the fourth year of Duke Xuan of Qin,a Mizhi(“密畤”)was set up to sacrifice the Qingdi(one of the Five Emperors),that is,to Fuxi(“伏羲”,the ancestor of Chinese).If the Xizhi(“西畤”for sacrificing Baidi)and the Fuzhi(“鄜畤”for sacrificing Baidi)have nothing to do with Fuxi,it is obvious to observe the relationship between the Mizhi and Fuxi.The Qin people gradually built bridges with the deities by using zhiji(sacrifice in a fixed place).From the west to the east,from Baidi to Qingdi,from Shaohao to Taihao,the long-established Fuxi's Sacrifice originated at this time.Even if there are differences between the Qingdi in the Qin people's minds and the Fuxi in the eyes of the later generations,there is no doubt that the Fuxi in the eyes of the descendants inherited the position and function of the Qingdi to a great extent.Han Dynasty inheriting Qin Dynasty's system,the Fuxi sacrifice continued in the zhiji tradition in the Western Han Dynasty.It wasn't until the Wang Mang's reign that the tradition was ended.However,the Fuxi beliefs have penetrated into folklore and even flourished for a while during these times.The zhiji tradition of the Qin people may be related to the Qiang and Rong.For example,Yuezhi,Xiongnu and other tribes mostly have a tradition of sacrificing to the heaven.The Qin people not only inherited these tribes'sacrificing traditions,but also made innovations by blending the traditions of the Central Plains with the Qiang and Rong beliefs in heavenly sacrifice.Through the inheritance and innovation,the Qin People initiated and perfected the zhiji system.

关 键 词：太昊 伏羲 青帝 祭祀 密畤 

分 类 号：G127[文化科学]