洛采对威廉·詹姆斯实用主义和实践哲学的影响  

Lotze's Influence on the Pragmatism and Practical Philosophy of William James

作　　者：奥托F.克劳沙尔 王毅鹏(译) 潘世莲(译) Otoo F.Kraushaar

机构地区：[1]美国马萨诸塞州史密斯学院 [2]贵州大学哲学学院 [3]华东师范大学哲学系

出　　处：《当代中国价值观研究》2024年第4期116-128,共13页Chinese Journal of Contemporary Values

摘　　要：詹姆斯的实用主义哲学坚持思想的意义在于其“作用”或结果,这是他崇尚直接、具体经验的必然结果,也表明他“向我显明”的实验主义者态度。尽管实用主义思想的形成主要得益于詹姆斯的内在气质,但其学说的普遍形式、意义与应用在很大程度上归功于当时的哲学文献,尤其是洛采的哲学著作。洛采作为19世纪德国观念论的继承者,其哲学思想中试图融合的三个独立学说——认识论、逻辑学与伦理学(道德哲学)——包含的实用主义深深影响了詹姆斯。首先,关于认识论,洛采对具体经验的尊重使他一再宣称“事物便是它们被知的样子”,这一论断被詹姆斯有所批判地继承。其次,洛采的逻辑学说蕴含着实用主义的丰富内涵。在洛采看来,判断中效用观念的综合和秩序的逻辑法则与原则,从根本上说不是逻辑的,而是美学和道德的。洛采试图通过突破逻辑之限制来克服事物与思想的二元对立,从而揭示出逻辑上有效的思想、现实的存在和道德价值的交汇之处——善,这一点同样被詹姆斯所吸收。最后,洛采的伦理学或道德哲学包含了实用主义的另一胚芽。詹姆斯自始至终都倾向于追随洛采的非理性主义和实践理性优先的主张,但又存在重要区分。作为一位思辨的形而上学家,洛采希望通过非理性假设来验证和扩展我们对实在的理性认识,而詹姆斯则更关注理性与非理性元素在有意识主体的经验和“理性情感”中的交织方式。James's pragmatism philosophy insisted that the meaning of an idea lay in its“action”or result,a corollary of his preference for direct,concrete experience and his experimentalist attitude of“show me”.Although pragmatism thought owes its formation to James's inner temperament,the universal form,meaning,and application of his doctrine owes much to the philosophical literature of his time,particularly the philosophical writings of Lotze.As the heir to 19th-century German idealism,Lotze's philosophical thought,which attempted to integrate three separate doctrines-epistemology,logic,and ethics(moral philosophy)-contained implications of pragmatism that deeply influenced James.Firstly,with regard to epistemology,Lotze's respect for concrete experience led him to repeatedly assert that“things are what they are known as”,an assertion that James inherited critically.Second,Lotze's logical doctrine is rich in pragmatism.For Lotze,the logical laws and principles that synthesise and order the idea of utility in judgement are not fundamentally logical at all,but aesthetic and moral.Lotze's attempt to overcome the dichotomy between things and ideas by breaking through the limits of logic reveals the base of intersection of logically valid ideas,realities of being,and moral values-the good-which is likewise absorbed by James.Finally,Lotze's ethics or moral philosophy contains another germ of pragmatism.From first to last James was predisposed to follow Lotze into both non-rationalism and the assertion of the primacy of practical reason-but with important differences.Lotze,by temperament and tradition a speculative metaphysician,looked to non-rational postulates for the validation and extension of our rational knowledge of reality.James,on the other hand,was more concerned about the way in which rational and non-rational elements are interlarded in the experience of the conscious subject and in“the sentiment of rationality.”

关 键 词：洛采 詹姆斯 实践理性优先 实用主义 

分 类 号：B712.44[哲学宗教—外国哲学]