北魏均田制与土地兼并问题再探  

Revisting the Issue of System of Land Equalization and Land Annexation in Northern Wei Dynasty

作　　者：严耀中[1] YAN Yao-zhong(School of the Humanities,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai,200234,China)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院,上海200234

出　　处：《史学集刊》2024年第5期97-107,共11页Collected Papers of History Studies

摘　　要：北魏均田制包含着同一等级内之均平和等级之间分田不均的两面性,这体现着以权力为背景的土地之身份占有权,也是土地被多层次兼有在制度上之反映。其结果之一是导致大土地合法占有的同时,在一定程度上抑制了土地兼并。谴责土地兼并,在历史上一向被视为政治正确,也令均田制往往获得赞扬。其实,均田制的推行,一方面容纳了以权力为后盾的直接或间接占有大土地现象在中国的延续,另一方面也阻碍了通过生产要素流转而使资源得到优化配置,并加重了行政操作成本。因此,均田制是一个效费比很低的制度。由此亦可发现其中一些所谓的“地主”往往只是一种权位所附带的身份。The system of land equalization in Northern Wei Dynasty contains two-sideness,namely the equalization within the same class and the unequal division of land between classes,which reflected the importance of status to land ownership in the context of power,and is also a reflection of the system in which land is owned at multiple levels.One of the results is that it has led to the legal appropriation of large tracts of land while at the same time inhibiting land annexation to a certain extent.Condemnation of land annexation has historically been regarded as political correctness and has often led to praise for the system of land equalization.In fact,the implementation of the system of land equalization has,on the one hand,accommodated the continuation of the phenomenon of direct or indirect appropriation of large tracts of land backed by power in China,and,on the other hand,impeded the optimal allocation of resources through the flow of factors of production and increased the cost of administrative operations.As a result,the system of land equalization was a system with a very low cost-effectiveness ratio,and it can be seen that some of the so-called“landlords”were often just a status attached to a position of power.

关 键 词：北魏 均田制 土地兼并 

分 类 号：F329[经济管理—产业经济] K239.21[历史地理—历史学]