晋语及周边官话方言的次浊入今读上声  

The present rising tone of MC words with semi-voiced initial in Jin dialect and surrounding Mandarin dialects

作　　者：沈明[1,2] SHEN Ming

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学文学院,北京 [2]中国社会科学院语言研究所,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2024年第5期529-543,638,639,共17页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“汉语方言母语深度调查研究”(21&ZD303);中国社会科学院语言研究所重大项目“汉语方言母语深度调查”;中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划(DF2023ZD11)资助。

摘　　要：晋语及周边的官话方言里,有些次浊入声字今读上声。土词儿里用的如“裂(咧)~开、月正~、捋~麻、摸~不来:估计不来、额~颅盖:额骨、杌~子:小板凳、褥~子、肉”等,多见于晋语及周边的中原官话(汾河片、关中片、秦陇片、兖菏片);文词儿里用的如“劣恶~、诺~言、掠~夺、略侵~、辱~骂”等,多见于周边的中原官话和冀鲁官话。吕梁片晋语与汾河片中原官话有继承关系,根据吕梁片晋语的舒入调型对应关系,本文认为部分浊入字率先按调值舒化归上声,但大多数浊入字尚未参与其中,该过程便中断了。浊入字晋语多保留入声调;中原官话次浊入归清入后按调值舒化归阴平,全浊入按调类舒化归阳平。假定早期中原官话的核心区域(相当于今洛嵩片、郑开片)也曾有过类似的过程,宋元以后不同程度地影响着北方的官话方言。由于汾河片、关中片、秦陇片、充菏片处在中原官话的边缘地带,而文词儿的读音又比土词儿变得慢,从而保留了较多的早期读音形式。受北京话次浊入归去声的影响,一些次浊入声字出现了两读或三读的情形。In Jin dialect and surrounding Mandarin dialects,a few MC words with semi-voiced initial in entering tone have changed into rising tone in present the pronunciation.Among these words,the colloquial ones mostly appear in Jin dialect and some northern clusters of Zhongyuan Mandarin;The literal ones are often found in the surrounding Zhongyuan Mandarin and Jilu Mandarin.Based on this,the paper proposes that some MC words with voiced initial in entering tone might have undergone a merge into rising tone in Jin dialect and Mandarin dialects.But the majority was not involved before the merging process was interrupted.Therefore,in present days,most MC words with voiced initial stll have the original entering tone in Jin dialect.In modern Zhongyuan Mandarin,most MC words in entering tone with semi-voiced initial have changed into level tone with a voiceless consonant while those with voiced initial have changed into level tone with a voiced consonant.Since Mandarin dialects adjacent to the edge of Jin dialect are marginal to Zhongyuan Mandarin and literal pronunciation is supposed to be more stable than colloquial pronunciation,these surrounding dialects still present the early tone change from entering tone to rising tone.Besides,affected by the merge of entering tone into departing tone in MC words with semi-voiced initial in Beijing dialect,some MC words with semi-voiced initial can have two or even three pronunciations in these surrounding Mandarin dialects.

关 键 词：晋语 中原官话 冀鲁官话 次浊入 上声 人声 去声 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]