2023年全国高校毕业生就业状况实证研究——基于单位就业与灵活就业的对比分析  

An Empirical Study of the Employment Situation of College Graduates in China in 2023:Based on the Comparative Analysis of Unit Employment and Flexible Employment

作　　者：邱文琪 岳昌君[2] 闫思宇 管雨婷 QIU Wenqi;YUE Changjun;YAN Siyu;GUAN Yuting

机构地区：[1]西南大学教育学部,重庆400715 [2]北京大学教育经济研究所/教育学院,北京100871

出　　处：《北京大学教育评论》2024年第2期88-111,189,190,共26页Peking University Education Review

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大课题“高校毕业生高质量就业的评价与对策研究”(22JJD880038);国家自然科学基金青年项目“技能匹配视角下我国工科毕业生的就业流动及其经济效应”(72304230)。

摘　　要：本文在探讨就业市场新形势、青年就业新特征、数字经济新业态的基础上,基于2023年对全国高校毕业生就业状况的抽样调查数据,区分单位就业和灵活就业两种就业形态,对我国高校毕业生的就业状况进行了实证分析。研究发现,在去向落实上,2023年全国高校毕业生离校时的落实率为68.9%,较2021年下降了7.6个百分点,其中以继续深造和灵活就业比例的下降为主,慢就业现象凸显。在就业结构上,单位就业毕业生的就业地点逐渐下沉,灵活就业毕业生的地点选择更为分散;除了教育和IT业,单位就业毕业生青睐制造业,灵活就业毕业生倾向文体娱乐业,但前五行业吸纳能力有所下降。就业质量方面,2023年单位就业毕业生的月起薪和就业满意度较2021年略有下降,但仍高于灵活就业毕业生。究及影响因素,对单位就业毕业生而言,人力资本始终是影响就业结果的重要因素;相较2021年,家庭背景对就业选择的影响有所削弱,而学校类型在去向选择和月起薪中呈现的筛选性略有增强。灵活就业毕业生的就业质量更多受学校特征和就业行业的影响,个体人力资本的影响尚未凸显。Based on the discussion of new trends in the job market,new characteristics of youth employment,and new forms of digital economy,this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the employment status of college graduates in China,focusing on formal employment and flexible employment,using data of the 2023 China's College Graduates Employment Status(CCGES)Sample Survey.The study finds that the placement rate of college graduates nationwide at the time of leaving school in 2023 was 68.9%,a decrease by 7.6 percentage points compared to that in 2021.This decline is mainly due to decreases in further education and flexible employment rates,highlighting the phenomenon of delayed employment.In terms of employment structure,formal-employed graduates are increasingly finding jobs in lower-tier locations,while flexible-employed graduates have more dispersed location choices.Apart from the education and IT industries,formal-employed graduates prefer the manufacturing industry,while flexible-employed graduates tend towards the cultural and entertainment industries,although the absorption capacity of the top five industries has decreased.Regarding employment quality,the monthly starting salary and job satisfaction of formal-employed graduates in 2023 are higher than those of flexible-employed graduates,but slightly lower than those in 2021.Examining influencing factors,human capital remains a crucial determinant of employment outcomes for formal-employed graduates.Additionally,compared to that in 2021,the influence of family background on employment choices has weakened,while the selectivity of school type in employment choices and monthly starting salary has slightly increased.For flexible-employed graduates,employment quality is more influenced by school characteristics and employment industry,with the impact of human capital not yet prominent.

关 键 词：单位就业 灵活就业 高校毕业生 就业结构 就业质量 

分 类 号：G40-054[文化科学—教育学原理]