《海牙规则》之回顾与启示  

The Hague Rules:Review and Enlightenments

作　　者：胡正良[1] HU Zhengliang(School of Law,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China)

机构地区：[1]上海海事大学法学院,上海201306

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2024年第3期19-31,共13页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2020年度中国法学会部级法学研究课题后期资助项目“当代海商法价值论”[CLS(2020)HQZZ07]。

摘　　要：《海牙规则》是船货双方利益妥协的产物,以统一提单若干法律规则为宗旨,具有调整内容的限定性、法律规范的强制性和规则内容的明确性之特点,其实施至少在20世纪60年代基本实现了海上货物运输法律国际化,且对当前这一领域的国际化仍然发挥着基础性作用。《汉堡规则》和《鹿特丹规则》采用的承运人责任规则超出海上贸易实际需求,以及在上述特点方面存在不足,是其未能发挥实现海上货物运输法律国际化作用的主要原因。在正确认识海上货物运输条约与国内法的关系、立法的共性和差异基础上,中国在对参加《鹿特丹规则》持谨慎态度的同时,应当在《海商法》修改时积极借鉴或吸收该规则中合理和成熟的内容,优化《海商法》第四章采用的“混合制度”。The adoption of the Hague Rules was significantly influenced by the U.S.Harter Act of 1893 enacted to prevent the U.K.carriers from misuse of freedom of contract by stipulating a large number of exemptions of liability in bills of lading.Remarkably,the Hague Rules have three features:first,the limited regulating scope,i.e.application to contracts of carriage covered by bills of lading or any similar documents of title only,limited contents of the Hague Rules and exclusion of three situations from application;secondly,the mandatory application,i.e.stipulating the carrier's minimum obligations and liabilities and maximum rights and exemptions of ability and rendering the provisions of contracts of carriage or bills of lading relieving the stipulated carrier's liability invalid;thirdly,the specificity of provisions,especially the catalog of carrier's exemptions of liability.The implementation of the Hague Rules achieved basic internationalization of the law of carriage of goods by sea at least in the 1960s,and is still playing a fundamental role in such internationalization.The successful experience of the Hague Rules proves that an international maritime treaty needs to have the above three features in order to serve the purpose of international uniformity of the legal rules in a particular area.The carrier's liability regime adopted by the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules respectively which is deemed as beyond the actual commercial need,together with the defects of the Hamburg Rules in the specificity of provisions,or the defects of the Rotterdam Rules in the limited regulating scope and the mandatory application,can be deemed as the main reasons of the failure of the two rules in achieving internationalization under the background that most developed shipping countries hold the understanding that the current carrier's liability regime based upon the Hague-Visby Rules remains appropriate and no significant change is required.The international treaties on the carriage of goods by sea and domestic laws have the

关 键 词：《海牙规则》 法律国际化 国际条约 混合制度 《海商法》修改 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]