公民范式与族裔范式:哈萨克斯坦民族国家建设路径分析  

Civic and Ethnic Paradigms in Nation-State Construction:Navigating Identity in Kazakhstan

作　　者：乌日格木乐 Wurigemule(School of Ethnology and Anthropology,Inner Mongolia Normal University)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古师范大学民族学人类学学院,呼和浩特010022

出　　处：《区域国别学刊》2024年第4期74-87,157,158,共16页COUNTRY AND AREA STUDIES

基　　金：2023年度国家社会科学基金项目“当前哈萨克斯坦民族问题的形势及影响研究”(23BMZ65)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着苏联的解体,哈萨克斯坦成为独立的民族国家,至今已有三十余年。由133个民族组成的“哈萨克斯坦人民”(Қазақстанхалқы)成为一项建设“公民社会”的治国理念,并且写入哈萨克斯坦的宪法和国家战略中。从哈萨克斯坦独立后的民族国家建设实践看,哈萨克斯坦民族认同中的族群(ethnic)认同与公民(civic)认同两种因素始终在相互博弈,尤其在构建单一的公民认同——“哈萨克斯坦人民”的过程中,这两种因素之间的矛盾一直未得到彻底解决。在哈萨克斯坦主体民族与非主体民族之间,依然存在“主”与“客”的不同角色关系。本文基于田野调查与哈萨克斯坦本土文献资料,结合公民民族主义与族裔民族主义理论,认为哈萨克斯坦民族国家建设过程中存在两条平行路径——公民现代国家范式与族裔民族国家范式,这导致了哈萨克斯坦多层次的民族认同与公民认同的互动与博弈,充满复杂性与变换性,这也意味着哈萨克斯坦当前的公民现代国家建设道路并不平坦。Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991,Kazakhstan emerged as a sovereign nation-state,navigating over three decades of independence.The notion of the“People of Kazakhstan”(Қазақстанхалқы),encompassing 133 ethnic groups,has been institutionalized within the nation’s constitution and strategic framework,signifying a governance approach aimed at fostering a civil society.The post-independence era in Kazakhstan has been marked by a dynamic interplay between ethnic and civic facets of national identity,often presenting a competitive relationship.The endeavor to forge a unified citizen identity—referred to as“the people of Kazakhstan”—highlights unresolved tensions between these identities.Additionally,the interaction between predominant ethnic groups and other nationalities within Kazakhstan often manifests in a dichotomous“host-guest”relationship.Drawing on fieldwork and integrating theories of civic and ethnic nationalism,this study posits that Kazakhstan’s nation-building trajectory encompasses two concurrent paradigms:that of a civic/modern state and an ethnic nation-state.This duality engenders a complex and evolving interplay between national and citizen identities,underscoring the challenges and intricacies of Kazakhstan’s journey towards establishing a modern civic nation.

关 键 词：公民范式 族裔范式 多民族国家 民族国家建设 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]