再论孔子的“述而不作”与“温故而知新”——以中国早期文明中的文本与口传为视角  

Revisiting Confucius’ “Recording But Not Writing” and “Reviewing the Old and Learning the New”: from the Perspective of Text and Oral Transmission in Early Chinese Civilization

作　　者：李凯[1] Li Kai

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2024年第5期105-114,共10页The Central Plains Culture Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大专项“历史视野下中国古代各族群交往交流交融资料的搜集整理与研究”(SKRD202303805)。

摘　　要：后人对孔子形成了创新与守旧的不同认识,其原因可以追溯到孔子的思维世界:“述而不作”和“温故而知新”分别针对文献整理和口头诠释展开。“述而不作”是孔子向老子学习史官“主书主法”的专业技能,其中不需要太多个人意志。孔子按照教化旨趣,把王官之学的单篇文本填充到“六艺”的框架中。孔子“温故而知新”获得的“新得”,很大程度上体现在口头层面,其评论中有大量“论、议、辩”的成分,促进了“语”类文献的繁荣。孔子时代的典章制度文本依然发挥着不可替代的作用,口头表达的“新得”是补充。汉代文本系统产生的古文经和口传系统产生的今文经的争端,可归因于孔子“述而不作”和“温故而知新”的命题,以及周代“文”与“献”之间的辩证矛盾。Different understandings on Confucius have been formed, namely being innovative or conservative, which can be traced back to his thoughts. The concepts of “recording but not writing” and “reviewing the old and learning the new” were respectively developed for literature review and oral interpretation. “Recording but not writing” is a professional skill that Confucius learned from Laozi about historians’ capability in recording historic events and legal writing which did not require much personal will. Confucius compiled texts on the study of royal officials into six classics according to the purpose of education. “The new opinions” obtained by Confucius through “reviewing the old and learning the new” are largely reflected at the oral level, with a lot of “discussion, deliberation, and debate” in his comments. The texts of laws and regulations in the era of Confucius still played an irreplaceable role, and the oral expression of “new opinions” was a supplement. The dispute between old classics produced by the text system in the Han Dynasty and new classics produced by the oral transmission system can be traced back to Confucius’ propositions of “recording but not writing” and “reviewing the old and learning the new”, as well as the dialectical contradiction between “文” and “献” in the Zhou dynasty.

关 键 词：孔子 述而不作 温故而知新 文本 口传 

分 类 号：B222.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]