准十二平均律:一种应用律学现象——曲项四弦四柱琵琶律制归属问题探赜  

Semi-Twelve-Tone Temperament:Phenomenon of Applied Temperament:Exploration of the Temperament System Attribution of Quxiang Four-string and Four-column Pipa

作　　者：胡晓东[1] 满一飞 Hu Xiaodong;Man Yifei

机构地区：[1]西南大学音乐学院 [2]江西师范大学音乐学院

出　　处：《中国音乐》2024年第5期15-24,45,共11页Chinese Music

基　　金：2022年国家社科基金艺术学重大项目“中国乐学理论体系研究”(项目编号:22ZD12)的阶段成果。

摘　　要：应用律学与理论律学是律学研究的两大分野,前者重点关注音乐实践中应律乐器的音律特征,探究独存于音乐实践中的某种律学现象或律学原理,以形成对理论律学体系的辅证或互证,揭示其对于乐制体系的律学规范范式的律学理论范畴。准十二平均律即乐人在客观的音乐实践活动中产生的一种应用律学现象,属十二平均律发展的早期过渡阶段,是民间乐人在理论目标上追求十二平均律必经的历史进程。学界关于准十二平均律在应用律学中存在与否有较大争议,而曲项四弦四柱琵琶的律制归属问题可证实准十二平均律在应用律学中的存在。通过历史文献与文物考古互证、柱位设置与音分计算并举的方法,对曲项四弦四柱琵琶各弦柱之音程系数进行推算,得出其律制应属过渡性质的准十二平均律。这一发现有助于拓展乐器与律学内在关系的认知,重新审视十二平均律在应用律学领域中发展演变的历史事实,助推中国乐学理论体系的整体建设。Applied temperament and theoretical temperament are two major divisions of temperament research.The former focuses on the musical characteristics of instruments in musical practice,exploring specific temperament phenomena or principles that exist independently in practice.This helps to provide auxiliary or mutual evidence for the theoretical temperament system and reveals the theoretical category of the temperament norm paradigm for the music system.Semitwelve-tone temperament is an applied temperament phenomenon musicians produce in their objective music practice activities.It represents an early transitional stage in the development of semi-twelve-tone temperament,reflecting the historical process that folk musicians undergo in pursuit of theoretical goals.There is considerable controversy in academic circles regarding the existence of semi-twelve-tone temperament in applied temperament.The issue of the temperament system attribution of the Quxiang four-string and four-column pipa can prove the existence of semi-twelve-tone temperament in applied temperament.By using historical data and relics,and through the method of simultaneously setting the column position of the Quxiang fourstring and four-column pipa and calculating the pitch of the music played by it,as well as analyzing the frequency ratio between the pipa strings and columns,it is concluded that the temperament system should belong to the transitional nature of semi-twelve-tone temperament.This discovery helps expand the understanding of the internal relationship between musical instruments and temperament,re-examine the historical facts of the development and evolution of semi-twelve-tone temperament in applied temperament,and promote the overall construction of the theoretical system of Chinese music.

关 键 词：曲项四弦四柱琵琶 律制归属 准十二平均律 应用律学 理论律学 

分 类 号：J612.1[艺术—音乐] J632.33