语言如何构建(社会)现实——批评认知语言学的视角  

How languages construct(social)reality:Critical cognitive linguistics perspective

作　　者：张辉[1] Zhang Hui

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学外国语学院

出　　处：《外语教学》2024年第5期23-31,共9页Foreign Language Education

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“汉语二语语法加工的神经认知与个体差异研究”(项目编号:20AYY010);南京师范大学“十四五”重点学科(交叉学科)建设项目“语言认知科学与艺术”(项目编号:184320H80924)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：本文首先讨论语言表征现实的两个观点:语言映现观与语言现实构建观。语言映现观认为语言可以模拟、表征或映现现实,语言与现实之间的关系是直接的。语言现实构建观认为,我们无法直接通达真实世界,只能通过认知模式来通达与认识世界。本文认为语言现实构建观符合目前认知科学的观点,指出我们可以通过感知和认知能力构建现实的模式,通过这些模式创建我们想象的现实。本文指出,构建现实基本单位是概念事件。认知语法提出的“桌球模式”表征了最基本的概念事件,根植于人类最基本的经验,基于力动态的图像图式,是小句的标准事件模式(canonical event model)行为链的认知基础,构成了一个单一的,两个参与者之间相互作用的及物小句结构。不同的认知识解(如注意力)可以侧显(profile)行为链的不同部分,是被动句和名词化等语言操纵的认知基础,也是施事性神秘化(mystification of agency)的认知基础。施事性神秘化可以减弱施事行为的责任及产生的后果,包括指称歧义、被动句、名词化和非及物动词使用等语言手段。识别施事性神秘化的语言手段以及探讨神秘化导致的意识形态效应一直是批评话语分析,特别是批评认知语言学关注的焦点。本文的讨论为未来的心理学实验研究打下了理论基础。The paper firstly discusses two views of how languages construct(social)reality:the mapping view and the re-ality-construction view.The mapping view believes that language can simulate,represent or map the reality and the rela-tionship between language and reality is direct.However,the reality-construction view thinks that we are unable to direct-ly access the real-world,only through the cognitive models that our senses and cognitive abilities construct can we access and understand it.Secondly,the paper argues that the reality-construction view is consistent with that of cognitive sci-ence,and points out that we construct models of reality through our sense and cognitive abilities and through these models we create our imagined reality.Thirdly,the paper argues that the basic unit of reality-construction is conceptual event.Cognitive Grammar proposes that the Billiard-ball Model represents the conceptual event,grounded in human basic expe-riences and based upon force-dynamics image-schema,which is the cognitive foundation of action chain of canonical event model of clauses and constitutes a single transitive clause structure and interaction between two participants.The constru-al operations(for example attention)profile the different parts of the action chain,which constitutes the cognitive founda-tion of passive constructions and nominalization and other mystifications of agency.Mystifications of agency can enable the responsibility and consequence of an agent's behavior to be weakened and decreased and linguistic means employed by it include referential ambiguities,passive constructions,nominalization,non-transitive verbs and etc.Recognizing these linguistic means and their ideological effects has been the focus of Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA),especially that of Critical Cognitive Linguistics(CCL).Discussion of this paper can provide a theoretical base for future psychological ex-perimental studies in CCL.

关 键 词：批评认知语言学 现实构建 识解 神秘化 施事性 

分 类 号：H030[语言文字—语言学]