人脑替代模型研究的伦理和治理建议  

Ethics and governance suggestion of human brain surrogate model research

作　　者：马永慧[1] 徐雅洁 吕建伟 MA Yonghui;XU Yajie;LÜJianwei(Centre for Bioethics,School of Medicine,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102,China;School of Medicine,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102,China;School of Life Sciences,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学医学院生命伦理中心,福建厦门361102 [2]厦门大学医学院,福建厦门361102 [3]厦门大学生命科学学院,福建厦门361102

出　　处：《厦门大学学报（自然科学版）》2024年第5期983-992,共10页Journal of Xiamen University：Natural Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(19ZDA039);福建省社会科学规划项目(FJ2022B146);厦门大学校长基金(20720230067)。

摘　　要：[背景]人脑组织无疑是分析人脑发育和疾病机制的最佳资源,但人脑的研究长期面临样本获取困难及人类胚胎研究受限于“14天原则”的困境.近年来神经科学家们开发了新型人脑模型,为预防、治疗导致人类痛苦的神经系统疾病和精神疾病带来了希望.该领域迅猛发展的同时,也面临着自身固有的道德两难,即在摆脱“不像人脑”困难的同时,因逐渐“太像人脑”而陷入更危险的伦理困境,这也是影响神经科学发展的关键伦理难题之一.[进展]本文首先介绍了脑科学进展和5种人脑替代模型,即基因编辑非人动物、人-非人动物神经嵌合体、人脑类器官、鲜活离体脑组织和类脑人工智能.然后从生命伦理视角出发,系统论述了其所引发的道德地位、死亡判定、知情同意、隐私保护,以及人-非人动物神经嵌合体的福利和利益5个方面的伦理学问题.最后提出6条涉及人脑模型研究的伦理指导原则作为治理框架.[展望]坚持伦理先行风险前瞻,可扭转伦理作为科技活动之外的“旁观者”角色和侧重“事后”反思批判的范式,对推动我国伦理治理体系从被动应对型向主动预防型转变有重要意义,也为参与全球新兴科技伦理治理提供中国方案.[Background]Human brain tissue is undoubtedly the best resource for analyzing human brain development and disease mechanism,but research in this area has long been hindered by difficulties in obtaining brain samples and the liminations imposed by the"14-days rule"on human embryo research.In recent years,neuroscientists have developed new human brain surrogate models,offering hope for the prevention and treatment of neurological and mental illnesses that cause human suffering.This field has developed rapidly but faces an inherent ethical dilemma,that is,while overcoming the difficulty of being"not like the human brain",it has gradually fallen into a more dangerous ethical dilemma of being"too much like the human brain",which is also one of the key ethical issues affecting the development of neuroscience.These models should receive a certain level of ethical and legal protection,which might in turn restrict research on brain models.The moral status of brain organoids is particularly sensitive.Brain model research introduces new methods for understanding and intervention in the field of neuroscience,presenting immense scientific potential while also significantly impacting traditional cultural,ethical values,legal norms,and various aspects of social life.This emerging and extensive scientific research is bound to bring about medical transformations and therapeutic innovations,altering our understanding of concepts like"human","animal","consciousness",and"death".It will compel us to adjust and reform our established value systems and ethical norms.How should we define the maturity boundaries for brain surrogate models allowed to be cultivated?Should"conscious"surrogate models be granted special treatment or rights that other human tissues do not possess?Do brain models have moral status?How should they be disposed of after cultivation is terminated?Is it possible to creat consciousness created from scratch?How should we treat animals that might possess advanced cognitive abilities due to the transplantation of human

关 键 词：人脑替代模型 生命伦理 道德地位 知情同意 伦理治理 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]