“文化遗产的自觉”与景观变迁——日本冲绳久米岛的人类学考察  

“Perceptions of Cultural Heritage”and Landscape Change:An Anthropological Study of Kume Island,Okinawa,Japan

作　　者：[日]河合洋尚[1] 侯建卫(译) KAWAI Hironao;HOU Jianwei(Department of Social Anthropology,Tokyo Metropolitan University,Japan)

机构地区：[1]日本东京都立大学社会人类学系

出　　处：《风景园林》2024年第10期58-63,共6页Landscape Architecture

基　　金：日本人间文化研究机构全球地域研究项目“海域亚洲大洋洲研究”。

摘　　要：【目的】通过追溯冲绳久米岛20世纪70—90年代的景观变迁,论述“文化遗产的自觉”及其对于景观的影响。【方法/过程】20世纪70年代以后,冲绳兴起一股观光开发热潮,红瓦顶住宅、石狮子、石敢当、御岳等作为代表冲绳特色的景观被当地村民大量建造。虽然这些特色景观的增加确实受到观光开发政策的影响,但仅从政治经济视角分析将无法把握久米岛景观变迁的本质。因此,运用景观人类学的视角与方法,探讨村民为何自发建造这些特色景观。具体而言,不只是借助图绘追溯物理景观的变迁,还通过田野调查探究景观同村民的话语、梦、信仰、社会关系、环境等的关联,进而充分理解村民介入景观营造的过程。【结果/结论】由此可见,在观光开发政策的影响之外,村民们还“自觉”红瓦顶住宅、御岳等为需要守护的“文化遗产”,并致力于相应的景观再生产。[Objective]This paper is intended to trace landscape transformations on Kume Island,Okinawa,between the 1970s and 1990s,focusing on the emergence of a phenomenon that could be called“heritage consciousness.”[Methods/process]After the 1970s,Okinawa experienced a boom in tourism development,and villagers created numerous landscape elements such as red-tiled roofs,shissa,ishigantou,and utaki to represent Okinawa’s distinctive landscape.The proliferation of these landscape elements has certainly been influenced by Okinawa’s tourism policy,but to view it solely in terms of such political and economic dynamics is to lose sight of the essence of the landscape transformations on Kume Island.Therefore,this study focuses on why villagers created red-tiled roofs,utaki,and other landscape elements with their own hands,using the perspectives and methods of landscape anthropology.Specifically,we will trace the physical transformations of the landscape through mapping and examine the villagers’stories,dreams,beliefs,social relations,and relationships with the environment through fieldwork to decipher how they have modified the landscape.[Results/conclusion]My investigation reveals that the villagers perceive the red-tiled roofs,utaki,etc.,as a“cultural heritage”they must protect and have been guided by a different set of concerns than tourism policy in reproducing the landscape.

关 键 词：景观 文化遗产 空间 场所 遗产意识 冲绳 

分 类 号：TU981[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]