试论东汉墓园的布局与两汉墓园的变革  

On the Layout of Eastern Han Cemetery Parks and Related Transformation during the Han Periods

作　　者：齐广 Qi Guang

机构地区：[1]南开大学中国社会史研究中心暨历史学院

出　　处：《考古与文物》2024年第9期81-89,共9页Archaeology and Cultural Relics

基　　金：南开大学基本科研业务费青年教师研究项目“两汉陵园与墓园布局研究”(编号:63242123)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：汉代是墓葬地面设施发展的重要时期,两汉高等级陵园和墓园的组成、结构比较清楚,但东汉一般等级墓园的情况则需进一步研究。本文利用考古发现与文献记载尝试复原东汉墓园的布局情况,认为东汉一般等级墓园中神道大多通向祠庙而非封土,神道可能不是直线,存在与墓道异向的现象。从墓园布局与神道起止来看,两汉墓园中心发生了显著变化,墓园中心由封土逐渐变为祭祀设施。西汉中晚期以来,墓祭参与者增多,祭祀设施规模扩大,从而影响了墓园的整体布局。随着两汉政权更替、统治文化转向,包括陵园布局等一系列国家墓葬礼制都发生了重大变化。The Han period witnessed significant developments in above-ground facilities and cemetery parks.This article argues that while the components and structure of high-ranking cemeteries in the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties have been well studied,the details of cemetery parks belonging to medium ranks in the Eastern Han Dynasty still need further exploration.The paper attempts to reconstruct the layout of cemetery parks in the Eastern Han Dynasty using archaeological discoveries and related textual records.The spiritual paths of cemetery parks used by most members of the Eastern Han Dynasty usually led to the sacrificial temple instead of the sealing mound.Additionally,the spiritual path might not be straight but occasionally diverged from the entry passage of the tomb.The cemetery layout and the design of the spiritual paths illustrate significant changes in the center of the cemetery park during the Han periods.Specifically,the central focus shifted from the tumulus mound to sacrificial facilities.From the Middle and Late Western Han Dynasty onwards,the number of participants in tomb sacrificial rituals increased greatly,and the scale of sacrifice facilities expanded.This transformation impacted the overall layout of the cemetery.With the change of regimes and the shift in political culture during the Han Dynasty,the imperial funeral system,particularly represented by the cemetery park layout,underwent significant changes correspondingly.

关 键 词：东汉 墓园布局 神道 墓祭 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]