旧传统与新文明:民国时期儿童玩具观念的现代变迁  

Old Tradition and New Civilization:the Modern Change of Children’s Toy Concept in the Period of the Republic of China

作　　者：席海燕 XI Haiyan(Teachers Education School,Jinshen College,Nanjing Audit University,Nanjing 210023 China)

机构地区：[1]南京审计大学金审学院教师教育学院,南京210023

出　　处：《学前教育研究》2024年第9期37-48,共12页Studies in Early Childhood Education

基　　金：全国教育科学规划项目“中国儿童研究的百年历程与范式演进研究”(编号:CQA240308)。

摘　　要：玩具与工具都不是新概念,但把玩具认同为儿童学习与发展的工具则是较为现代的观念。在民国时期,伴随着儿童观的革新,玩具观念也迅速地由旧传统的嬉闹观转向新文明的工具观,传统的自然玩具与乡土玩具被抛弃,为教育与政治服务的现代玩具备受欢迎。曾用于发现儿童的复演论未能为旧传统的玩具提供理论辩护,由进化学说带来的以本能和天性为生物学基础的发展主义促成了玩具的教育化和工具化,儿童与民族国家命运同构观则促使玩具成为救亡图存的政治工具。玩具观念的现代化过程同时是一个以“传统的他者”为桎梏,而以“现代的他者”为资源来建构“现代的自我”身份认同的过程。儿童对玩具的享用所构成的“传统的我们”被遗失在民国学人的视野之外,未能成为时人建立现代玩具观的童年资源。玩具工具化有其积极的历史意义,但若忽视儿童作为定义玩具的真正主体,那么再现代的新文明也依旧会成为束缚儿童享用与发展的旧传统。Toys and tools are not new things,but the identification of toys as tools for children’s learning and development is a relatively modern concept.In the period of the Republic of China,with the innovation of the concept of children,the concept of toys quickly changed from the old traditional view of mere playthings to the tool view of the new modern civilization.Accordingly,traditional natural toys and folk toys were abandoned,and modern educational and politically-oriented toys were popular.The theory of Recapitulation used to discover children did not provide a theoretical defense for the old traditional toys.The developmentalism based on instinct and nature brought about by the theory of evolution contributed to the educationalization and instrumentalization of toys,and the concept of the same fate of children and nation states promoted toys to become a political tool for saving the national crises.The modernization process of toy concept is also a process of rejecting the“traditional other”and using the“modern other”as the resource to construct the“modern self”identity.The“traditional us”constituted by children’s enjoyment of toys was lost outside the vision of scholars in the period of the Republic of China,and failed to become the childhood resource for people to establish a modern concept of toys.Toy instrumentalization has its positive historical significance,but if children are ignored as the real subject of defining toys,then even the modern new civilization will still become the old tradition that restricts children’s enjoyment and development.

关 键 词：玩具工具化 教育玩具 复演论 发展主义 民国时期 

分 类 号：K258[历史地理—历史学] G614[历史地理—中国史]