墨家“尚贤”政治文化研究——兼评“贤能政治”  

A Study of the Esteem of the Virtuous in Mohism: the Political Meritocracy

作　　者：解启扬 XIE Qiyang

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2024年第5期35-46,共12页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“墨学的创造性转化与创新性发展研究”(项目编号:22BZX064)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“尚贤”是墨家的政治文化特征和方法。基于战国初年的政治社会现实,墨家提出“尚贤”,力图冲破殷周以来的贵族政治传统,为新阶层参与政治权力分配提供方法和途径。从内容上看,“尚贤”提出了贤人治国的政治图景;从方法上看,“尚贤”基于墨家的三表法,与上古传说中的禅让制有着一脉相承的关系。“尚贤”的施行,势必动摇殷周以来的政治体制,与周代奠基于农业文明基础之上的礼乐文明不相适应。不独墨家,孔孟儒学也把“贤能政治”作为重要的政治方法。战国晚期,法家汲取墨家的“尚贤”政治,并使之成为中国传统政治方法的一种补充。“尚贤”本质上是“贤能政治”,即社会政治精英参与国家治理。但传统社会缺乏有效的政治体制来保障“贤能政治”持续发展。现代民主政治作为一种政治制度本质上是一种精英治国,选举政治为“贤能政治”提供了可能,法治为“贤能政治”提供制度保障。“贤能政治”只是一种政治方法和治理文化,离不开民主制度的社会土壤。民主为体,贤能为用,任何希望通过“贤能政治”来拒拆政治民主化的努力都是对“贤能政治”的消解。“Esteem of the Virtuous” is a political and cultural characteristic and method of Mohism,based on the political and social reality of the early Warring States period.Mohism proposed “Esteem of the Virtuous” to break through the aristocratic political tradition since the Yin and Zhou dynasties,and provide methods and ways for the new class to participate in the distribution of political power.In terms of content,“Esteem of the Virtuous” proposes a political vision of governance by virtuous people;in terms of method,“Esteem of the Virtuous” is based on Mohism’s three criteria and has a continuity with the ancient legend of the abdication system.The implementation of “Esteem of the Virtuous” would inevitably shake the political system since the Yin and Zhou dynasties,which was not compatible with the ritual and music culture established on the basis of agricultural civilization in the Zhou dynasty.Not only Mohism,but also Confucianism of Kong-Meng School regarded “political meritocracy” as an important political method.In the late Warring States period,Legalism drew on Mohism’s “Esteem of the Virtuous” politics,incorporating it as a supplement to the traditional Chinese political methods.The essence of “Esteem of the Virtuous” is “political meritocracy,” which means that social and political elites participate in national governance.However,traditional society lacked an effective political system to ensure the sustainable development of “political meritocracy.” Modern democracy,as a political system,is essentially an elite rule.Election politics provides a possibility for “political meritocracy,” while the rule of law provides institutional guarantees for “political meritocracy.” “Virtuous and capable politics” is merely a political method and governance culture,inseparable from the social soil of democracy.Democracy is the body and political meritocracy is the function.Any effort to reject the democratization of politics through “political meritocracy” is

关 键 词：尚贤 贤能政治 民主 正当性 政治治理 

分 类 号：B224[哲学宗教—中国哲学]