教育优先:清末新政中的科举策试改革  

Prioritizing Education:The Strategy Testing Reform in the New Policy of the Imperial Examination in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘海峰[1,2] Liu Haifeng(the Center for Study of Imperial Examination and Examination Research,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058;the National Education Advisory Committee)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学科举学与考试研究中心,杭州310058 [2]国家教育咨询委员会

出　　处：《教育研究》2024年第9期76-90,共15页Educational Research

摘　　要：清末新政时期颁布学制和科举变法,第一次将学校教育提高到亘古未有的重要地位,学校教育的重要性超过以往的“兵、刑、钱、谷”。1902—1904年的乡试、会试、殿试有关教育的策问和对策,充分体现出科举变法中的教育优先政策。清末改革之后的科举考试已具备一定的现代文官考试性质。科举采用各国政治策问使西学的推广具有了制度化的保障,是推动西学广泛传播的关键因素。延续1300年的科举制,在其生命的最后时刻,发挥其以考促学的强大功用,为清末普及新学和促进学校教育起到了重要的作用。科举变法中开始出现的教育优先理念,对后来中国重视发展学校教育具有先导作用。而在最后两次科举考试中出现的“强国之本,莫先于学”之类的理念,在当今建设教育强国的时代,仍有一定的参考价值。The educational system and the imperial civil examination reform formulated in the New Policy Reform period in the late Qing Dynasty elevated school education to an unprecedented position for the first time, thus making school education more important than military, judicial, financial, and agricultural affairs. The strategy testing and countermeasures related to education in the provincial, national and imperial examinations between 1902 and 1904 fully reflected the policy of prioritizing education in the imperial civil examination reform. The post-reform imperial civil examination was characteristic of modern civil examinations to a certain degree. Political inquiries from different countries helped systemize the popularization of Western learning in the late Qing Dynasty, and became a key factor to promote the wide spread of Western learning. The imperial civil examination system, which lasted 1,300 years, functioned significantly in its improvement of learning through examination at the final moment, and played an important role in the popularization of New Learning and the promotion of school education in the late Qing Dynasty. The concept of prioritizing education initiated in the imperial civil examination reform played a leading role in China's emphasis on the development of school education. In particular, the concept that "in the foundation of a powerful country nothing was more important than learning" emerging in the final two imperial civil examinations still provides a certain reference in new era of building a powerful country in education.

关 键 词：清末新政 科举变法 教育优先 策试改革 兴办学堂 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]