以遗嘱方式设立居住权“参照适用”规范之适用  

On the Application of the Norm of"Reference-based Application"Concerning the Establishment of Right of Habitation Through A Will

作　　者：焦富民[1] JIAO Fumin

机构地区：[1]南京财经大学法学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第10期100-112,共13页Political Science and Law

基　　金：江苏省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心、江苏省社会科学基金重点项目“中国式现代化的法治引领与保障研究”(项目编号:23ZXZA009)的研究成果。

摘　　要：作为不完全规范,《中华人民共和国民法典》第371条的“参照适用”具有其特定的规范品格。由于在居住权的权利性质、形式要件、本质内容等方面具有一定程度的“类似性”,且与以合同方式设立居住权同属于意定居住权,以遗嘱方式设立居住权可以“参照适用”以合同方式设立居住权的相关规则。应从以书面形式所具有的证据保留之功能为衡量依据出发,采行与书面形式具有同等功能的“有效遗嘱”作为确立以遗嘱方式设立居住权之形式要件的前提与基础。居住权作为用益物权的一种类型,契合了“自然人死亡时遗留的个人合法财产”这一范畴,可以通过遗嘱继承或遗赠的方式享有,并且以遗嘱方式设立居住权,其目的在于对立遗嘱人死亡时其遗留下来的个人合法的财产之提前安排,通常不能准确规范使用“所有权”“居住权”等法律用语,对以诸如“住”“使用”“安身”“生活”等这样的日常用语,需要法律适用者首先就所涉案型的遗嘱进行合理、妥适地解释,亦即不能完全局限于遗嘱采用的语词,应该一并考量遗嘱的目的、遗嘱表述的习惯以及诚实信用原则,以探究立遗嘱人的真实表意。以遗嘱形式设立居住权的,采取的是宣示主义,登记并非其设立要件,继承人自立遗嘱人死亡后取得居住权;而以遗赠形式设立居住权的,应采用移转主义模式即奉行登记生效主义,居住权自登记完成时有效设立。As an incomplete norm,the"Reference-based application"in Article 371 of Chinese Civil Code has its specific normative character.Because a certain degree of"similarity"is enjoyed in terms of the right attribute,formal requirement,essential content of the right of habitation,and both the rights of habitation established through a will and a contract are intent-determined rights of habitation,relevant rules on the establishment of the right of habitation through a contract may be applicable as a reference to the establishment of the right of habitation through a will.It is advisable to,on basis of taking the function of evidence preservation enjoyed by the written form,adopt the"valid will"with the same function of written form as the premise and basis for determining the formal requirements of the establishment of the right of habitation through a will.As a type of usufruct,the right of habitation is consistent with the category of"personal lawful property bequeathed by a natural person at the time of his death"and can be enjoyed by means of testamentary succession or gift.Moreover,the purpose of establishing the right of habitation through a will is to arrange in advance the lawful property bequeathed by the testator at the time of his death,who usually is not able to use legal terms such as"ownership"and"right of habitation"in a standardized way,thus regarding the everyday language such as"living","using",""taking shelter"and"life",it is necessary for the person who carries out the legal application to give reasonable and proper explanation of the will,that is,not to be completely limited by words and phrases used in the will,but take into account the purpose of the will,the habit of expression in the will and the principle of good faith to explore the real intent of the testator.Regarding the establishment of right of habitation by means of testamentary succession,the declaratory doctrine is adopted,thus the registration is not a required element of its establishment and the heir obtains the right of habitation

关 键 词：居住权 参照适用 遗嘱继承 遗赠 有效遗嘱 登记 

分 类 号：DF521[政治法律—民商法学]