共同犯罪人退赔责任的确定  

The Determination of the Liability for Returning Illicit Gains and Making Compensation by Co-offenders

作　　者：周光权 Zhou Guangquan

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第5期1-17,共17页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：对共同犯罪人之间的退赔责任是按照连带责任还是按份责任确定,司法立场历来都不统一。退赔是准刑罚措施,其适用受刑罚报应、特别预防等目的的制约。如果肯定犯罪行为只不过是程度更为严重的侵权行为,共犯退赔责任的确定原则上就应当遵循我国民法典第1168条所确立的法理,绝大多数共犯对侵害结果的发生都应当承担连带责任。与此同时,如果重视宪法上的平等原则与程序正义,考虑刑罚特别预防功能中罪犯返归社会的侧面,积极回应当下的司法难题,对狭义共犯(教唆犯、帮助犯)的退赔责任也需要考虑一些特殊情形:对于仅受雇于犯罪组织实施电信诈骗、非法吸收公众存款、传销等涉众型犯罪的一般业务人员、底层参与者,应当参考我国民法典第1191条的规定由用人单位承担退赔责任,仅对其个人违法所得进行追缴;对帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪行为人的退赔,则可以采取部分连带责任说。此外,对于即便应当承担连带责任的情形,也应当根据因果共犯论的法理,在对所有共同犯罪人穷尽一切手段后仍无法追赃的部分,要求从犯承担连带责任,以减轻从犯承担退赔责任时的负担。如此多元地、缓和地理解退赔责任,与共犯原理及罪刑相适应原则相一致。与上述主张相匹配,未来需要同步推进刑事裁判文书改革、涉案财产处置方式的合理化改进等工作。In case of joint crimes,there is a lack of consensus among judges on whether co-offenders should be held jointly liable or liable in proportion for returning illicit gains and providing compensation.The decision is complicated by the quasi-penal nature of these measures,which are influence by considerations such as penal retribution and special prevention.When criminal acts are considered as more serious infringements,the determination of the liability for returning property and compensation among co-offenders should primarily adhere to the legal principles outlined in Article 1168 of the Civil Code.While most co-offenders should bear joint liability for the consequences of their infringing acts,distinctions should be made for co-offenders in narrow sense(such as instigators and abettors)based on principles of equality and procedural justice and preventative nature of penalties.In cases involving mass-related crimes committed by employees on behalf of their employer,such as telecommunications fraud,illegal absorption of public deposits,and pyramid schemes,the employer may be held liable for compensation under Article 1191 of the Civil Code,and the employees should be required to only return their personal illicit gains.Additionally,the concept of partial joint liability could be applied in certain contexts,such as assisting information network criminal activities.In cases for unrecoverable losses after exhausting the joint liabilities of co-offenders,the accessory offenders should also be held jointly liable on the ground of the theory of causal co-perpetration.These nuanced approaches to determine liability for compensation align with the principles of co-offending and proportionate punishment.To implement these ideas,reforms in criminal judgment and improvements in property handling methods should be pursued concurrently.

关 键 词：共同犯罪 退赃退赔 连带责任 因果共犯论 罪刑相适应原则 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]