认罪认罚从宽制度的实践分歧及其回应  

Inconsistency in the Practice of the System of Leniency in Pleading Guilty and Its Solutions

作　　者：熊秋红 Xiong Qiuhong

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学诉讼法学研究院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第5期61-75,共15页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“深化司法体制综合配套改革的进展与成效研究”(项目批准号:23AZD044);教育部人文社科重点研究基地项目“新时代司法改革与中国特色诉讼法制研究”(项目批准号:22JJD820027)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：认罪认罚从宽制度从2016年开始试点到2018年10月被写入我国刑事诉讼法并正式施行,在此过程中充满了理论争议和实践分歧。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部、司法部发布的《关于适用认罪认罚从宽制度的指导意见》在我国刑事诉讼法规定的基础上进一步细化了认罪认罚从宽制度。该指导意见发布后,一些地方政法机关先后制定了实施细则。审视各地制定的实施细则,不难发现从形式到内容均存在明显的差异,除了文本上的繁简不一,在诸多具体问题如认罪认罚从宽制度的适用范围、被追诉人是否真诚悔罪的判断、是否适用协商原则、从宽幅度、证据开示、量刑建议、被告人反悔上诉检察机关能否抗诉、骑墙式辩护的处理等规定上均存在明显差异。这种差异主要不是由于各地政治、经济、社会、文化等方面的差异所导致,而是因实施细则的起草者或者地方政法机关对于认罪认罚从宽制度的认识分歧所导致。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院(以下简称“两高”)和部分学者关于认罪认罚从宽制度实施效果的评估也揭示出该制度在实施中存在的突出问题。我国刑事诉讼法第四次修改,有必要针对地方性规则的差异以及已有的调研评估中所揭示出的问题作出相应的分析和处理,以促进认罪认罚从宽制度的科学化和规范化运行,确保法律适用的统一性,地方性差异应当控制在合法、合理且必要的范围之内。The leniency system for pleading guilty and accepting punishment has been a topic of much debate since its inception in 2016 until its formal implementation in October 2018.The issuance of the Guiding Opinions on the Application of the System of Leniency in Pleading Guilty and Accepting Punishment by the Supreme People's Court,Supreme People's Prosecutorate and three ministries further refined the system in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Law.Subsequent to the release of the Guiding Opinions,various local political and legal authorities have issued their own implementation rules,which differ significantly in form and content.In addition to the inconsistency in textual complexity,there are significant differences in various specific issues,such as the scope of application,assessment of sincere repentance,applicability of the negotiation principle,extent of leniency,disclosure of evidence,sentencing recommendation,handling of self-contradicted defenses,and whether the prosecution can appeal if the defendants retract his confession.These discrepancies are not solely influenced by the regional differences caused by political,economic,social and cultural factors,but are also a result of varying interpretation of the leniency system among the drafters of the implementation rules or the local legal authorities.Evaluations by the Supreme People's Court,Supreme People's Prosecutorate and some scholars have identified significant issues in the system's implementation.In the upcoming fourth revision of the Criminal Procedure Law,it is essential to address these differences and challenges to ensure a consistent and effective operation of the leniency system,and keep the regional differences within a necessary,reasonable and lawful scope.

关 键 词：认罪认罚从宽 认识分歧 实施细则 地方性差异 法律适用的统一性 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]