“起说-续说”和主客观统一的汉语语序  

Initiation-Continuation and the Unified Subjective-Objective Word Order of Chinese

作　　者：王冬梅[1] WANG Dongmei(the Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Science)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第5期685-700,共16页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“基于中国特色概念体系的汉语对言语法研究”(23AYY005)的成果之一;并获中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划“句法语义学”(DF2023YS08)资助。

摘　　要：汉语语序遵循一定的规律,但是例外很多,需要前置、后置等各种操作步骤。本文从汉语句子是“起说-续说”结构这一独特性出发,构建了一幅简洁的汉语语序图景:主语一律位于谓语之前,不存在主谓易位;定语和状语一律位于中心语之前,不存在后置前置;宾语一律位于动词之后,不存在宾语前置。在此基础上,本文以无定主语句和易位句为例进一步阐释了汉语语序以并置关系为源头,是基于感触的主客观统一的语序,即语序是有客观标准的,但当客观标准跟主观感触不一致的时候,先感触到的先说。Chinese word order follows certain regularities;however,there are numerous exceptions,making the word order system complex.It mainly exhibits the following characteristics:1)it requires various operations such as preposition and postposition movement;2)the treatment of verb-object structures is inconsistent compared to subjectpredicate,attributive-modifier,adverbial-modifier,and verb-complement structures;3)the treatment of different types of objects within verb-object structures is inconsistent;4)the inversion of two components typically involves postposed subject,preposed adverbial,preposed complement,and rarely preposed predicate,preposed verb.The features of Chinese word order are a manifestation of the uniqueness of Chinese.Chinese is a"noun-verb inclusion"language,where the noun is a super-noun category that includes the verb,and the verb is a subcategory of the noun,i.e.,the dynamic noun.In Chinese,nouns and verbs refer to referents and statements respectively,not grammatical categories but pragmatic categories.The structural relationship in Chinese is essentially a pragmatic structural relationship,which is"initiation-continuation".Initiation is the starting point of information transmission,and the subsequent part is continuation.This is consistent with what Yuen Ren Chao said that the subject of Chinese is the topic,and the predicate is the explanation.Chinese has many flowing sentences,which have characters of juxtaposition,referentiality and linkage.That determines initiation and continuation are reference equated terms.Chinese sentences are therefore of the equational type.Initiation and continuation can be exchanged without changing the basic meaning of the sentence.This is the underlying reason for the flexibility of Chinese word order and the existence of numbers of"inversed sentences".The structural relationship in Chinese is initiation-continuation,not only in the subject-predicate structure,but also in predicate-object,modifier-head and adverbialhead structures.This paper,originating from the u

关 键 词：汉语语序 起说-续说 并置 感触 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]