明代乡约制度化进程  

The Institutionalization of Xiangyue in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：解扬[1,2] Xie Yang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学历史学院 [2]中国历史研究院古代史研究所

出　　处：《历史研究》2024年第7期55-75,M0004,共22页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项2023年度重大招标项目“中国古代中央集权的运作模式与王朝兴衰的关系”(23VLS009)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：明代中后期,乡约与保甲、社仓、义学结合渐趋紧密,经历了以保甲为基础、以乡约为统摄,到先定乡约、后定保甲的转变。其原因是政府保靖地方职能下渗,由官办乡约为先导,受张居正改革中考成法的影响,乡约逐步接受政府检核,以查验效果。乡约呈现制度化特征,而不再是国家政治制度运行、基层权力实践及意识形态建构以外的社会组织。乡约在明代地方治理体系中的角色变化,不仅证明了明代国家对基层组织的管理能力并未衰落,而且令乡约从宋代作为自治性组织,发展到清代成为职役的演变脉络更为清晰,也说明传统中国地方治理方式仍在持续发展。In the middle and late Ming dynasty,xiangyue(community compacts)stayed increasingly close with baojia(neighborhood safeguard),shecang(community granary),and yixue(community school)in playing their role in the local society.The xiangyue had undergone a transformation in local ordering from being based on baojia to governing baojia while taking xiangyue itself as base.The reason to initiate it is that the government's role in ensuring local peace and stability has been penetrating downwards to let the effect of xiangyue be checked by local governments.It happened under the impact of Zhang Juzheng's political reform,in which xiangyue gradually played a role in political system rather than staying out the realm of local institutions,power practices,or ideological construction.The change in xiangyue's role not only reflected that the Ming court still held the power of local governance,but also made the evolution of xiangyue from an autonomous organization in the Song dynasty to a professional service in the Qing dynasty more clear.From this perspective,the skills of traditional Chinese local governance are still in the process of development.

关 键 词：明代 乡约 保甲 基层治理 制度化 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]