历史书写与现实形势的纠缠——关于“铁面人”的历史、记忆与想象  

The Entanglement of Historical Writing and the Actuality: the History, Memories and Imaginations of l'Homme au masque de fer

作　　者：石芳[1] Shi Fang

机构地区：[1]四川大学历史文化学院,四川成都610065

出　　处：《史学史研究》2024年第3期78-92,共15页Journal of Historiography

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金资助项目“启蒙思想的物质化与传播——《路易十四时代》的出版史”(项目编号:2018M643462)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“铁面人”是伏尔泰在《路易十四时代》中首次正式揭露的一个谜团。两个多世纪以来,这则逸闻涌现出50多种假说,并衍生出大量小说、影视剧等艺术作品。在将这则逸闻写入史书的过程中,伏尔泰依据的是间接获取的口头证据,又以暗示性的叙事引导读者将“铁面人”与法国王室联系在一起。在绝对君主制的秘密政治体系下,读者通过关于“铁面人”的细节传闻探求更深层的意义,结合关于路易十四的记忆和当下的特定社会氛围,对这则逸闻加以想象和演绎,最终使之成为绝对君主制暴政的一个标志和艺术创作的主题。从流言转变为历史,从历史转变为传奇,“铁面人”逸闻见证了记忆、想象与现实、心态的纠缠如何“制造历史”。L'Homme au masque de fer, officially exposed for the first time in Le Siècle de Louis XIV by Voltaire, is a disturbing mystery, and constantly intrigues curiosity of historians as well as artists. Until now, there are more than 50 hypotheses and hundreds of novels, dramas, films and teleplays about it. When he took this anecdote into his book, Voltaire did not make a rigorous criticism of the oral resources he collected, deliberately concealed from the readers some information, and he even described suggestively to induce the readers to connect this prisoner with the french royal family. In the context of secret politics of absolute monarchy, the readers made best use of details of this anecdote, deduced what it could from every element and explored its deep meaning with memories and imaginations about Louis XIV, eventually turned this man in iron mask to a symbol of tyranny of absolute monarchy, and a theme of art. From an anecdote to a history, then to a legend, l'Homme au masque de fer is a classic case about making history by the entanglement and interaction of memory, imagination, reality and mentality.

关 键 词：铁面人 伏尔泰 《路易十四时代》 逸闻 口述史料 

分 类 号：K091[历史地理—历史学]