康德对希腊理性观的突破——从纯粹概念能力到纯粹实践能力  

Kant's Breakthrough to the Greek Conception of Reason:From Pure Conceptual Capacity to Pure Practical Capacity

作　　者：黄裕生[1] Huang Yusheng

机构地区：[1]清华大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学动态》2024年第10期60-74,128,F0003,共17页Philosophical Trends

摘　　要：康德对理性的理解的突破构成了他在自由问题上实现突破的前提。而要澄清康德在理性观上的突破,则有必要对以柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表的希腊哲学对理性的理解进行讨论。因为正是希腊哲学奠定了对后世影响深远的理性观:作为人身上的最高能力,理性拥有两种基本能力——给出概念并进行概念演绎的能力与朝向整体并洞察整体的能力。这种理性观在拉丁化的过程中被窄化为前一种能力,并一直影响到近代哲学对理性的理解,以致理性成了一种被动的东西而被视为情感与意志的奴仆。一方面,康德恢复了理性朝向整体的能力,据此重新确立了理念的必要(然)性;另一方面,他通过把理性与意志统一起来,使自由意志成为理性的最高能力。这种统一一方面使自由意志获得了立法的能力而成为真正的自由意志,克服了自奥古斯丁以来意志与法则分离所带来的困境,另一方面则使理性获得了绝对的自主一自动性而具有单凭自身就能直接给出行动的能力,从而成为“纯粹实践理性”。康德通过把自由意志纳入理性,使理性不仅成为知识之所以可能的条件,而且成为道德律令的基础与来源,从而使人不仅成为能自主思维的认识主体,而且成为能自主行动的目的性主体。这种理性观上的突破重新确立了理性自身的秩序:理性的实践运用优先于其理论运用。Kant's breakthrough in the understanding of reason constitutes the prerequisite step for his decisive advancement in addressing the problem of freedom.To clarify this breakthrough,it is necessary to examine the Greek understanding of reason,notably from Plato and Aristotle,since Greek philosophy laid the groundwork for a conception of reason that has been profoundly influential for the tradition of Western philosophy.In the Greek tradition,reason,as the highest faculty of the human being,comprises two fundamental capacities:(1)the capacity of reason to form concepts and with these concepts to cognize and understand the world through deduction;and(2)the capacity of reason to direct itself towards the whole,thereby to gain insight into and to cognize the whole.Although the second capacity is superior to the first,it not only builds upon concepts but also operates through purer concepts.Accordingly,such a reason is essentially a theoretical reason grounded in self-identical concepts,with its theoretical use preceding its practical use.For reason first cognizes the good and virtue through its pure theoretical activity before guiding people towards their practical fulfillment.Nevertheless,this concept-based reason only motivates action when combined with the faculty of desire,therefore it is not,in itself,genuine practical reason.During its process of Latinization,the Greek conception of reason was narrowed down to the first capacity,which continued to influence modern philosophy's understanding of it.As a result,reason,while still regarded as the highest faculty of the human being,was at the same time reduced to a mere tool of the will or desire to achieve its objective,or even seen as passive and enslaved to emotion and will,as in Hume.This dualitywhere reason is regarded as the highest faculty,yet at the same time is reduced to a mere instrument of the lower facultieswas the consequence of a predicament that resulted from the narrowed Greek conception of reason.Kant sought to resolve it with his analysis and critiq

关 键 词：理性 绝对自主-自动性 高级欲求力 目的性存在 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]