雅斯贝尔斯对科学的思考及其现代意义  

Jaspers’Perspective on Science and Its Contemporary Relevance

作　　者：张赫原 吴彤[1] ZHANG Heyuan;WU Tong(Department of the History of Science,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学科学史系,北京100084

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第6期71-81,共11页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“科学实践哲学与地方性知识研究”(项目编号:13&ZD068)。

摘　　要：雅斯贝尔斯对科学的思考不仅反映了他所处时代的背景,而且具有其自身的独特性,但却很少被人们所关注。雅斯贝尔斯从有方法的认识、有说服力的确定性、普遍有效性三个方面来认识科学,并总结了现代科学的七个特征。他进而指出了科学的界限所在,如果我们忽视它们就会导致对科学的迷信。真正的科学态度是要知道科学的适用范围及界限,并且知晓科学只是认识世界的方式之一。真正的科学呼唤真正的哲学。科学与哲学关系的讨论成为雅斯贝尔斯对科学思考的最终落脚点。在他看来,科学与哲学作为“双翼”共同发挥作用,这既强调两者的差异、分歧,又彰显两者的合作、结盟。具体来说,这一“双翼”关系表现为科学与哲学的“间距状态”和“统合状态”,而这两种状态提出的背景与雅斯贝尔斯自身的哲学思想,即对一般意识与实存的讨论,以及大全论与密码形而上学相关。雅斯贝尔斯对科学的思考于今天而言同样至关重要。这将在崇尚科学的环境下兴起哲学这一古老的活动,并使两者作为“双翼”为塑造我们的美好生活提供思想资源和帮助。Karl Jaspers’reflections on science,though often overlooked,offer unique insights that resonate with both his era and modern times.This paper examines Jaspers’multifaceted approach to understanding science,focusing on three key aspects:methodical knowing,persuasive determinacy,and universal validity.Jaspers identified seven distinctive characteristics of modern science while simultaneously acknowledging its limitations.He cautioned against the potential for scientific superstition when these boundaries are disregarded.Jaspers advocated for an authentic scientific attitude that recognizes science as one of many ways to comprehend the world,emphasizing the need for genuine philosophy to complement scientific inquiry.Central to his thesis is the metaphor of science and philosophy as“a pair of wings,”highlighting their distinctions and singularities while underscoring their symbiotic relationship.This dynamic interplay manifests in what Jaspers termed the“distant situation”and“unitive situation,”concepts rooted in his philosophical explorations of Bewusstseinüberhaupt(consciousness in general),Existenz,das Umgreifende(the encompassing),and Chiffre metaphysics.This paper argues that Jaspers’insights remain critically relevant in today’s science-centric world.By revitalizing the ancient practice of philosophy alongside scientific advancement,Jaspers’framework offers valuable ideological resources for cultivating a more balanced and enriched understanding of our world and ourselves.

关 键 词：雅斯贝尔斯 科学 界限 迷信 哲学 

分 类 号：B516.53[哲学宗教—外国哲学]