古代希腊、印度、阿拉伯与中国对太阳近(远)地点进动的认识与测量  

Understanding and Measurement of the Perigee(Apogee)Precession of the Sun in Ancient Greece,India,Arabia and China

作　　者：王振华 唐泉[1,2] WANG Zhenhua;TANG Quan(Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage and Digital Humanities of Shaanxi Province,Xi'an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学科学史高等研究院,西安710127 [2]陕西省文化遗产数字人文重点实验室,西安710127

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2024年第3期396-410,共15页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目“中国古代历法中的‘步五星术’研究”(项目编号:20VJXT005);国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历法史”(项目编号:22&ZD221)。

摘　　要：太阳不均匀运动修正算法是古代数理天文学中的一个重要算法,而对太阳近(远)地点进动的认识与测量会直接影响该算法的修正效果。在前人研究基础上,详细梳理了不同文明对于太阳近(远)地点黄经及其进动的认识和测量。结果表明,不同文明在早期并未明确提到近(远)地点的概念,也并未发现其存在进动,仅对其黄经值进行了测定,但随着不同文明之间的相互交流与发展,各文明逐渐认识到太阳近(远)地点进动现象。古代希腊建立几何模型确定太阳远地点,但未发现其存在进动,古代印度给出的太阳远地点进动数值极小,最大值仅为0.12″,古代阿拉伯给出了包含与不包含岁差引起的坐标系统变化的进动值,古代中国一直到明清之际西方天文学传入之后才认识到太阳近(远)地点的进动现象。The correction algorithm for the inhomogeneity of the solar apparent motion is a crucial aspect of ancient mathematical astronomy.Its corrective efficacy is directly influenced by the comprehension and measurement of the precession of the perigee(apogee)position of the sun.Building upon prior research,this paper meticulously outlines the understanding and measurement of the celestial longitude and its precession in various civilizations concerning the perigee(apogee)position of the solar apparent motion.The results indicate that in the early stages,various civilizations did not explicitly reference the concept of the perigee(apogee)position or its precession.Instead,they focused solely on measuring its celestial longitude.Through the exchange of relevant knowledge among different civilizations,an awareness of the phenomenon of precession in the perigee(apogee)position gradually emerged.Ancient Greece developed a geometric model to ascertain the longitude of the solar apogee;however,the precession of the apogee remained undiscovered.The precession value of the apogee in ancient Indian astronomy is exceptionally small,with a maximum value of only 0.12″.Ancient Arabia provides two different values,accounting for or excluding changes in the celestial longitude coordinate system caused by precession.It was not until the dissemination of Western astronomy during the Ming and Qing dynasties that traditional China recognized the precession phenomenon of the sun's perigee(apogee)position.

关 键 词：太阳视运动 近地点 进动 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] P1[天文地球—天文学]