正义与秩序:儒学政治哲学的两翼  

Justice and Order:The Two Wings of Confucian Political Philosophy

作　　者：李博 赵婉华[1] Li Bo;Zhao Wanhua

机构地区：[1]唐山师范学院马克思主义学院,唐山063000

出　　处：《国际儒学（中英文）》2024年第3期15-28,192,共15页International Studies on Confucianism

基　　金：唐山师范学院科研项目(2023A06)。

摘　　要：孟子等儒家先哲对汤武受命的论述,折射出儒学中对于君、民及国家之间关系的某种深层观念,孟子继承《尚书》君权天授说,君主乃受托于天,而民为天胤、天民一体,故君主因民意而得天命,代上天护佑下民,所以君王实为受托者而无独立权威;同时孟子以仁德为人之“天爵”,民以仁德保其身,君王以仁德保其位,天爵失则人爵无本,此即桀纣丧失君王资格的原因,此说颇类英国思想家洛克的社会契约论。然而孔子的看法有别于此,从孔子对文王、武王及伯夷的评价可知,孔子虽反对暴政却以秩序为先,尊卑之序不可轻易改变。孔子与孟子的这一差别,有类于英国近世自由主义与保守主义之异,保守主义与孔子皆否定专制,但并不以君王为受托者,而承认某种客观法律原则下的王权,“大人世及以为礼”,故王权尽管要接受法律的约束,同时却又有其独立性而不依赖于民意。本文希望从英格兰自由主义与保守主义的分歧入手,分析儒学思想对王权、正义与秩序问题的两种不同思路的深层观念分歧。This article will analyze two perspectives of Confucianism on issues of monarchy,justice and order through the differences between English liberalism and conservatism.The views of Confucianists such as Mencius on the famous Revolution of King Tang/Wu reflect their deep conception of the relationship between the monarch,the people,and the state.Inheriting the theory of Divine Rights in the Book of Documents,Mencius believes that monarchs are entrusted to God,who is the original ancestor of the people,and the people are descendants of God,therefore the monarch is authorized by God according to the will of the people.As a result,the King is actually a trustee without independent authority.This theory is quite similar to the social contract theory of the British philosopher John Locke.Also,like Locke's concept of natural rights,Mencius regards mercy as the heavenly bestowed nobility of people;if the King loses mercy,he will lose the qualification for the throne.However,Confucius's point is different.It can be inferred that although Confucius opposed tyranny,he emphasized that the order of monarchs and subjects should not be ignored.Confucius'idea is obviously close to British conservatism's points,as they both acknowledge the monarchy as having legal independence.Therefore,although the monarchy is subject to legal constraints,it does not rely on the people's will.

关 键 词：儒家 人民主权论 等级秩序 保守主义 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学] D0[政治法律—政治学]