重构语境——明清时期的“六根清净图”  

Bliss Rooted in the Purity of the Six Sense Faculties:Recontextualization from Wanli Inkstick Design to Qianlong Screen

作　　者：廖旸[1] Liao Yang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2024年第10期113-128,150,共17页Palace Museum Journal

基　　金：中国社会科学院基础研究学者资助项目“朝圣与巡礼——藏传佛教美术中的圣地史迹图像”(项目编号:XJ2020009);研究阐释中华民族现代文明创新项目“推进民族地区现代化与建设中华民族现代文明的关系研究”(项目编号:2023YZD048)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：明万历《方氏墨谱》《程氏墨苑》刊印了“六根清净”墨样,构图恍若月下竹影,竹梢圆轮实则为梵字金刚笑轮。前者墨锭另一面铭“六根清净”,印“生欢喜心”,正、背图文呼应且互补,后者的编者程大约更借题挥斥胸臆。方本此墨与布袋弥勒合款;至清乾隆十六罗汉像屏之上,类似竹图则与因揭陀尊者相表里,寓意安养于极乐世界。从合款到移植入更广阔的语境,图样在流转过程中经艺术家们创作重组,其精神内涵潜移默化。以“六根清净图”为线索,可见利用各种象征元素不断重构语境的过程,以及跨媒介、跨阶层、跨族群、跨文化的交流互动。The woodblock print titled ‘Purity of the Six Sense Faculties’(六根清净图,LiùGēn Qīng Jìng Tú) found in two corpora of the inks tick designs published during the Wanli(万历)reign of the Ming dynasty,the Fang Shi Mo Pu(方氏墨谱)and the Cheng Shi Mo Yuan(程氏墨苑),appears to depict six bamboo trees under a full moon.However,the circle in the tree top is actually a Sanskrit aksaracakra used to invoke Bodhisattva Vajrahasa,one of the four attendants of Tathagata Ratnasambhava in the Vajradhatumandala.The reverse side of the ink stick is inscribed with the characters of ‘六根清净’(Purity of the Six Sense Faculties) and stamped with ‘生欢喜心’(Generate a Joyful Heart).The text and images on both sides correspond and complement each other.Cheng Dayue,the editor of ‘Cheng's Ink Garden’,further expounded on this theme.This ink design was paired with the Cloth Bag Maitreya on a screen depicting the Sixteen Arhats from the Qing Qianlong period.A similar bamboo image is associated with the Arhat Angaja,symbolizing peaceful nurturing in the Pure Land.From this pairing to broader contexts,as the image circulated,artists recreated and recombined it,subtly preserving its spiritual connotations.Using the ‘Six Purified Senses Image’ as a thread,we can observe the process of constantly reconstructing contexts through various symbolic elements,as well as interactions across media,social classes,ethnic groups,and cultures.

关 键 词：六根清净图 布袋弥勒 贯休十六罗汉图 梵字轮 语境重构 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] J219[历史地理—中国史]