现代汉语被动句的语言类型学特征  

Typological Characteristics of Modern Chinese Passive Constructions

作　　者：宋文辉[1] SONG Wenhui

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院,100872

出　　处：《汉语学报》2024年第4期54-67,共14页Chinese Linguistics

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)“现代汉语语法关系语法化程度及相关问题研究”(编号:20XNL018)的项目成果。

摘　　要：研究现代汉语被动句的语言类型学特征,不能仅关注有标志被动句。有标志被动句并不比意念被动句更接近语法被动:语法被动是及物性调整机制,被动形态作用于及物动词,使其去及物化,而“被”属词汇手段表被动,不调整及物性,只引出施事,凸显主观性,使用受语用制约;典型被动句的首要功能特征是施事省略,而有标志被动句一般出现施事,意念被动句无施事。长短被字句经演化结构趋同,跟意念被动句一样都是话题说明结构,语言知识组织更经济。在语言类型学背景上定位现代汉语被动句,应该将其归入语用属性凸显的语用被动,跟印欧语靠解码被动形态识解语义及物事件的语法被动不同。When studying the typological characteristics of modern Chinese passive constructions,we cannot only focus on the type with markers,which is not closer to the grammatical passive than the notional passive construction.The grammatical passive is a transitivity adjustment mechanism.The passive morphology acts on the transitive verb to make it de-transitive,while bei is a lexical device to express a passive meaning,and does not adjust transitivity.Meanwhile,bei only introduces the agent,highlighting subjectivity,and its use is restricted by pragmatics.The primary functional feature of a typical passive construction is the omission of the agent,while the passive construction with a marker has an overt agent generally,and the notional passive construction has no agent.The long and short passive sentences get the same structure after evolution.They and the notional passive construction should be analyzed as“topic-comment”structures,which makes the organization of language knowledge more economical.The modern Chinese passive construction should be classified as pragmatic passivity with prominent pragmatic attributes in the context of language typology,which is different from the grammatical passivity of Indo-European languages,in which semantic transitive events are understood through decoding passive morphology.

关 键 词：被动句 形态句法标准 典型特征等级 语法被动 语用被动 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]