当事人视角下的刑事鉴定制度  

Criminal Appraisal System from the Perspective of the Parties

作　　者：赵晏民 Zhao Yanmin

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2024年第6期174-187,共14页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目(19BFX103)“刑事法一体化背景下的轻罪诉讼体系构建研究”。

摘　　要：为保障专门性事实查明的准确性,当事人除作为自身鉴定利益的维护者以外,在更为宏观的司法系统内还承担着鉴定纠错者的角色。当前的刑事鉴定制度设计是一种以“司法主导”与“侦鉴一体”为特征的“非知情人司法”结构,在运行过程中面临信息偏在阻碍鉴定错误的发现、认知隔阂限制鉴定错误的证明、错误鉴定责任主体与纠错主体同一、鉴定纠错裁决的形式主义倾向、刑事诉讼惯性加剧鉴定纠错难以及鉴定纠错功能的辐射范围受限等困境,无法适应刑事案件当事人作为“案情知情人”纠正鉴定错误的制度化需求。刑事鉴定制度的优化需要通过特定的程序操作消除当事人纠正鉴定错误的制度障碍,打造一种相对区隔于“非知情人司法”逻辑的鉴定纠错机制,让刑事案件当事人与司法机关回归“正和博弈”的应然关系定位。To ensure the accuracy of specialized fact-finding,parties should not only act as protectors of their own ap-praisal interests but also assume the role of error correctors within the broader criminal justice system.However,the current design of the criminal appraisal system is characterized by a""judicial dominance"and"investigation-appreciation unity"structure,which is a form of"non-informant justice".This design faces challenges such as informational bias hindering the discovery of appraisal errors,cognitive barriers limiting the proof of such errors,the conflation of responsible and cor-rective parties,a formal inclination in initiating error correction decisions,procedural inertia exacerbating the difficulty of correcting appraisal errors,and the limited scope of the error correction function.These challenges are insufficient to meet the institutionalized needs of criminal parties acting as"informants of the case facts"to correct appraisal errors.Optimizing the criminal appraisal system requires constructing independent procedures centered around the identity of criminal parties as error correctors.By implementing specific procedural operations to eliminate the institutional barriers to correcting ap-praisal errors,a mechanism for correcting appraisal errors that is distinct from the"non-informant justice"logic can be established.This enables criminal parties and public security judicial organs to return to the normative relationship positio-ning of a"positive-sum game".

关 键 词：司法鉴定 刑事鉴定制度 侦鉴分离 鉴定权 

分 类 号：D915.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]