《周易》“观盥而不荐”与《论语》“禘自既灌而往”通释  

A Thorough Interpretation of“Observing the Ritual of Washing Hands”in the Yijing and“Not Observe the Rest of di Rituals after the First Offering of Wine”in The Analects of Confucius

作　　者：秦洁[1,2] QIN Jie

机构地区：[1]山东大学易学与中国古代哲学研究中心,山东济南250100 [2]山东大学文学院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《周易研究》2024年第5期57-66,共10页Studies of Zhouyi

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目:“近现代易学的转型与发展研究”(23CZX032);泰山学者工程专项经费资助。

摘　　要：《周易》“观,盥而不荐,有孚颙若”与《论语》“禘自既灌而往者,吾不欲观之矣”是关联性很强而历代注解争议颇大的两句文辞。两者分“盥(灌)”“荐”两个环节论祭祀礼,并表达了“观”之与否的态度。按周礼传统,礼仪评判以“观德”为要。相较而言,“盥(灌)”更凸显人之诚德,“荐”则更凸显物之厚薄,故周礼重“盥”轻“荐”。由“观德”之理路,“观,盥而不荐”,大义为观盥而不必观荐,因为在盥时已经充分展现了人的德性;“吾不欲观”“既灌而往者”,则是指未能在灌的环节观到德性,那么后面供奉的物品再丰厚也都不足观。这一重内在德性、为礼仪寻找德性根基的主张,可与“东邻杀牛,不如西邻之禴祭”“为礼不敬,临丧不哀,吾何以观之哉”“人而不仁,如礼何”等相参,是《周易》古经所以能兼卜筮、哲理双重性质的关键,也是孔子为恢复周礼所找寻的根本落脚点,又是《易传》“观其德义”的枢纽之处。The judgment of the Guan hexagram[■,Contemplation(Observe),20]“washing hands while not presenting offerings”盥而不荐,有孚颙若in the Yijing and“I’m not going to observe the rest of di rituals(rituals to show respect and remembrance for ancestors in ancient times)after the first offering of wine”禘自既灌而往者,吾不欲观之矣in The Analects of Confucius have strong connection with highly controversial interpretations in history.The two demonstrate ritual rites by“盥”(washing hands),“灌”(the first offering of wine in ritual di)and“荐”(present offerings)two links and express the attitude of“observing”.According to the tradition of Zhou rituals,the evaluation of rituals takes“observing virtues”as an important thing.In comparison,“盥(灌)”highlights the sincere virtue of people,while“荐”highlights the thickness of oblation.Therefore,Zhou rituals emphasize“盥”over“荐”.According to the principle of“observing virtue”,the general meaning of“盥而不荐”is to wash hands without offering sacrifices,because human virtue is already fully demonstrated during“盥”;“I have no desire to observe”and“leave the occasion after observing the first offering of wine in rituals”mean if there is no virtue observed during the process of灌,no matter how abundant the later offerings are,they are still not worth observing.The proposition of attaching importance to inner virtue and seeking the foundation of rituals can be referenced with phrases such as“The eastern neighbor killed a cow as a sacrifice,while isn’t a patch on the western neighbor’s simple sacrifice”,“No respect in rituals and no mourning in funeral,how can I observe that”,and“What can a man do about the rites if he is not benevolent”.This is the key to the dual nature of divination and philosophy of the basic text Yijing,and it is also the fundamental foothold that Confucius sought to restore Zhou rituals and the hub of“observing the morality and rightness”in the Yi

关 键 词：盥 灌 祼 禘 《周易》 《论语》 观德 

分 类 号：B221[哲学宗教—中国哲学]