德国古典哲学自由观嬗变刍议  

On Evolving Process of Liberalism Throughout German Classical Philosophy

作　　者：张灏 Zhang Hao(School of Politics and Management,Yunnan Minzu University,Kunming,China)

机构地区：[1]云南民族大学政治与公共管理学院,云南昆明650504

出　　处：《社会科学论坛》2024年第6期60-72,共13页Tribune of Social Sciences

摘　　要：唯理论的独断论和经验论的怀疑论导致人之存在在知识面前只剩下空洞的形式,丧失了丰富的内容。这也是人不自由的表现。康德通过设定自在之物并将其与现象界的知识隔绝,初步为自由留出哲学地盘,只是自在之物在康德那里还太消极,自由也嫌软弱无力。自费希特之后,德国古典哲学家运用唯心主义辩证法,实现了自由的升级,即自由的主体有征服对象的能动性,同时这能动性又符合对象自身的必然规律。不过,这种唯心主义自由观,始终没能脱离神学的窠臼,对于现实物质世界,实际上没有任何触动。德国古典哲学的自由理想,只有按照马克思主义的方法,放在唯物主义基础上构造并生发出来,才能真正完成改变世界以及解放人自身的任务。Due to dogmatism and skepticism caused by rationalism and empiricism,the following result emerges concerning human’s existence treated by human’s knowledge such as the lack of freedom by depriving vivid content and presenting vacant form.Kant roughly reserved the philosophical seat for freedom by separating thing-in-itself with knowledge which remains only in the realm of phenomenon.Nevertheless thing-in-itself performs so still that only a weak version of freedom can be imaged in Kant’s theory.Fichte led German classical philosophers to update freedom by using dialectics in terms of idealism.Liberal agent spontaneously longs to conquer the world meanwhile he is subject to the law of nature which is necessary in the world.In the end,this freedom based on idealism has no material finger touch on world’s reality because of the theological imprisonment.The ideal of German classical philosophy in which the world being changed by human and in the process human changes itself can only be achieved by means of Marxism which plants and grows freedom on the ground of materialism.

关 键 词：自在之物 辩证法 自由与必然统一 自我意识 

分 类 号：B516.3[哲学宗教—外国哲学]