犯罪分工视角下主从犯的类型化界定  

The Categorization-oriented Determination of Principal Offenders and Second Participants from the Perspective of Division of Criminal Labor

作　　者：涂龙科[1] Tu Longke

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院法学研究所,上海200020

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第11期83-96,共14页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：区分制正犯体系采用分工分类法实现行为定型,再赋予正犯、从犯概念量刑基准功能的做法并不适合我国,反而造成概念混同以及两种功能之间的内在冲突。在我国采用作用分类法为主的立法背景下,理论上探讨正犯、教唆犯、帮助犯宜采用形式的客观说,以实现行为定型和量刑均衡的平衡。在形式客观说视角下,实行犯原则上是主犯,例外为从犯;共同正犯并不必然是主犯,也可以成立从犯;教唆犯主要是主犯,少数情形下成立从犯;帮助犯通常情况下是从犯,但也可能是主犯。主从犯的判断依据是犯罪行为的全链条,实行行为在犯罪链条居于中心地位,但不是唯一的核心。分工分类法和作用分类法对主从犯的判断结论部分相同,但存在差异。The system of distinguishing principal offenders from second participants that adopts a method of division-of-labor based categorization to achieve the behavioral typification and then endows the concept of principal offenders and second participants with the function of sentencing benchmark is not suitable for China and instead causes conceptual confusion and inherent conflicts between two functions.Against the legislative background of China which primarily adopts a method of rolebased categorization,it is advisable to adopt the doctrine of formal objectiveness to discuss concepts of principal offenders,abettors,and aiders so as to achieve a balance between behavioral typification and sentencing equilibrium.From the perspective of the doctrine of formal objectiveness,a perpetrator is generally a principal offender,and,in exceptional cases,a second participant;a co-perpetrator is not necessarily a principal offender,but may be a second participant;an abettor is mostly a principal offender and,in a few cases,a second participant;and an aider is usually a second participant,but may be a principal offender.The determination of a principal offender or a second participant is made on basis of the entire chain of the criminal act,and the act of perpetration is the central part of such chain,but not the only core.The conclusions on determining a principal offender or a second participant reached by the method of division-of-labor based categorization and the method of method of role-based categorization are partially the same but still differ.

关 键 词：犯罪分工 主犯 从犯 类型化 

分 类 号：DF611[政治法律—刑法学]