突触可塑性及其生理功能  

Synaptic plasticity and its physiological functions

作　　者：赵昕宇 Xinyu Zhao(School of Life Sciences,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学生命科学学院,北京100084 [2]清华大学IDG/麦戈文脑科学研究院,北京100084 [3]清华-北大生命科学联合中心,北京100084

出　　处：《科学通报》2024年第30期4461-4469,共9页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(04130102323)资助。

摘　　要：突触可塑性指依赖神经活动的对突触强度的调整.突触可塑性是学习记忆的重要神经生物学基础.对突触可塑性的理论与实验研究已经进行半个多世纪,但是对突触可塑性如何参与大脑的学习过程仍不清楚.本文总结了历史上对突触可塑性的研究,讨论了有监督信号和无监督信号两种类型的突触可塑性的不同功能.赫布可塑性和脉冲时序依赖的可塑性(spike timing-dependent plasticity,STDP)是最主要的无监督信号的突出可塑性.有监督信号的突触可塑性种类繁多.传统的研究主要侧重在神经调质对可塑性的作用,但最近关于行为时间尺度突触可塑性(behavioral time-scale synaptic plasticity,BTSP)的研究解释了谷氨酸能神经信号也可能起到监督信号的作用.本文着重介绍了近期体内突触可塑性研究的新发现和相关技术进展.最后,本文提出未来对突触可塑性生理功能的研究将得益于成像技术以及计算模型的发展.Plasticity is adaptive neuronal changes that can occur at different compartments of a neuron,including soma,dendrite and synapses.Among them,synaptic plasticity may exert the most significant computational power because of its high dimensionality.Synaptic plasticity is activity-dependent adjustment of synaptic weights,a concept initially postulated by theoretical psychologists and later confirmed in biological experiments.It is widely recognized that synaptic plasticity is the most critical substrate for learning and memory.Each neuron typically receives one thousand to ten thousand synaptic inputs.How these synapses are modified specifically to generate new animal behaviors is a fundamental question in neuroscience.Despite extensive research over the past few decades,it remains unclear how specific forms of synaptic plasticity participate in the animal’s learning process,primarily due to the scarcity of in-vivo studies.In this review,I examined the research on different forms of synaptic plasticity,including mechanisms both with and without supervised signals.Unsupervised plasticity can be further divided into correlation-and timing-based plasticity.Hebbian plasticity,the earliest proposed plasticity rule,lies at the center of correlation-based plasticity.Later research has revealed that not only the correlation of spikes in pre-and post-synaptic neurons,but also their temporal sequence,is critical for plasticity induction,as demonstrated in spike timing-dependent plasticity(STDP).Supervised plasticity encompasses diverse mechanisms.Canonical theories have emphasized the importance of neuromodulators,such as dopamine and serotonin,as supervised signals.Recent studies,however,have revealed a significant role of glutamatergic inputs in the instruction of plasticity,exemplified by behavioral time-scale synaptic plasticity(BTSP).In BTSP,plateau potential,a special form of regenerative dendritic calcium spike,can induce strikingly rapid plasticity in co-active synapses.Plateau potentials in CA1 pyramidal cells are

关 键 词：突触可塑性 学习记忆 神经网络 海马 

分 类 号：R338[医药卫生—人体生理学]