尾矿在环保、建材领域资源化利用研究新进展  

New advances in the resource utilization of tailings in environmental protection and building materials

作　　者：张长青[1,2] 冯亚亚 刘冠男 刘欢[1,2] 李德先 宫晨琛[4] 柯尊壮 黄菲[5] 张乙飞 王志刚[3] 王博 ZHANG Changqing;FENG Yaya;LIU Guannan;LIU Huan;LI Dexian;GONG Chenchen;KE Zunzhuang;HUANG Fei;ZHANG Yifei;WANG Zhigang;WANG Bo(MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,Innovative Team for“Research on the Metallogeny and Exploration Demonstration of Strategic Metal Minerals”of the Ministry of Natural Resources,Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China;Innovation Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Tailings Resources,Beijing 101300,China;Tianjin Railway Technical and Vocational College,Tianjin 300240,China;Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials,University of Ji’nan,Ji’nan 250022,China;School of Resources&Civil Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China;The First Geological Institute of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau,Langfang 065201,China;Tailings Utilization Technology Center of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)

机构地区：[1]中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所、自然资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室自然资源部“战略性金属矿产成矿规律与找矿示范研究”创新团队,北京100037 [2]尾矿资源化综合利用工程创新中心,北京101300 [3]天津铁道职业技术学院,天津300240 [4]济南大学山东省建筑材料制备与测试技术重点实验室,山东济南250022 [5]东北大学资源与土木工程学院,辽宁沈阳110819 [6]中国冶金地质总局第一地质勘查院,河北廊坊065201 [7]中国地质科学院尾矿利用技术中心,北京100037

出　　处：《中国矿业》2024年第11期4-17,共14页China Mining Magazine

基　　金：中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所基本科研业务费项目资助(编号:KK2416,KK2202);中国冶金地质总局重点前沿性科研项目资助(编号:CMGBKY202403);现代职业教育体系建设改革新模式专项项目资助(编号:ZBJ240021)。

摘　　要：随着我国矿业行业的绿色转型,尾矿的资源化、减量化和无害化处理已成为亟待解决的科技挑战。当前我国尾矿存储总量已超过200亿t,导致了严重的环境污染和资源浪费。为拓展尾矿在环保、建筑材料领域的高效利用,减轻尾矿处理的环境和经济负担,开辟尾矿的资源化创新路径,推动绿色矿山建设,实现资源的可持续利用与环境保护的平衡,聚焦尾矿在环保和建筑材料领域的资源化利用,研发了尾矿基环境功能材料和高附加值建筑材料制备关键技术,涵盖尾矿脱色剂、重金属吸附材料、陶瓷釉料、发泡陶瓷和高密实混凝土等技术。首先,尾矿与偏高岭土和表面活性剂混合,通过碱溶工艺研发高效食品废水脱色剂,脱色效率超过95%。针对废水中的重金属污染,通过高温焙烧和后处理工艺提升尾矿的吸附性能,可有效去除污水中的铅、镉等重金属。其次,尾矿被用作陶瓷釉料的替代原料,通过优化配方和烧制工艺,开发低成本且环保的陶瓷釉料。通过优化发泡陶瓷的配方和烧制工艺,成功制备出具有优良强度、保温性和防火性的材料,其尾矿掺入量高达65%,节省原料成本40%~50%。通过将尾矿与其他矿物原料结合,开发出耐腐蚀、低孔隙的新型高密实混凝土,强度提升5%~20%,水渗透系数减小10%~35%,适用于海洋工程等恶劣环境。尾矿在环保、建筑材料领域的资源化利用不仅解决了环境问题,还为绿色矿业和可持续发展提供了创新技术路径。研发的尾矿综合利用技术将尾矿资源化应用于多个领域,包括环保(废水脱色、重金属吸附)和建筑材料(陶瓷釉料、发泡陶瓷、高密实混凝土)。通过优化尾矿的配方和工艺,显著提高了尾矿的环保性和性能,特别是在食品废水脱色、污水中重金属吸附和发泡陶瓷强度、保温性等方面表现突出,开辟了尾矿高效利用的新途径,不仅提升了尾矿的�With the green transformation of China’s mining industry,the resource utilization,reduction,and harmless treatment of tailings have become urgent technological challenges.The total amount of tailings storage has exceeded 20 billion tons,leading to severe environmental pollution and resource waste.To promote the efficient use of tailings in environmental protection and building materials,reduce the environmental and economic burdens of tailings treatment,and create innovative paths for tailings resource utilization,promote the construction of green mines,achieve a balance between sustainable resource utilization and environmental protection,and focus on the resource utilization of tailings in environmental protection and building materials,the development of key technologies for tailings-based environmental materials and high added value building materials has been carried out.These technologies include tailings decolorizing agents,heavy metal adsorbents,ceramic glazes,foamed ceramics,and high-density concrete.Firstly,tailings mixed with metakaolin,and surfactants are used to develop a highly efficient food wastewater decolorizing agent through an alkaline dissolution process,achieving over 95% decolorization efficiency.To address heavy metal pollution in wastewater,research has improved the adsorption capacity of tailings through high-temperature roasting and post-treatment processes,effectively removing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium from wastewater.Secondly,tailings are used as an alternative material for ceramic glazes,and low-cost,environmentally friendly ceramic glazes are developed by optimizing the formulation and firing processes.By optimizing the formulation and firing process of foamed ceramics,materials with excellent strength,thermal insulation,and fire resistance are successfully prepared,with up to 65% of the material composed of tailings,resulting in a 40%-50% cost savings on raw materials.Furthermore,by combining tailings with other mineral materials,a new type of high-density concrete is

关 键 词：尾矿资源化 环境材料 建筑材料 高附加值 绿色矿业 

分 类 号：TD98[矿业工程—选矿]