从《四库》系略考明清“城市山林”词义  

A Preliminary Research on the Semantics of"Chengshi Shanlin"in Ming and Qing Dynasties from the Siku Quanshu Series Database

作　　者：边谦 BIAN Qian

机构地区：[1]北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院,北京100044

出　　处：《中国园林》2024年第10期133-139,共7页Chinese Landscape Architecture

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(23YJC760003);市属高校基本科研业务费项目(X22014)。

摘　　要：“城市山林”,生成于中国园林的成熟期,是中国古代园林发展到后期最为关键的园林语词之一。然而以往研究尚未就该词在元代生成以后的词义发展做更深入的考察。对此,基于对《四库》系中“城市山林”一词的检索、数据校对与统计,首先分析了该词在各朝代四部分类与文学体裁方面的使用特征与发展趋势,发现其总体具有很强的空间指征与广泛的认知基础,并与古人对于城市、自然、栖止等方面的体验观察与情志寄托密切相关。其次,重点考辨了明清时期“城市山林”的复杂义项,发现其在该时期主要指向了5类不同的使用情境:1)宅园类词义,凸显了该词被学界普遍视作“城市私园”代称的历史基础,集中反映了古人园居城市时对于“山林”审美的感知维度与丰富面向;2)寺/观类词义,体现了该词与佛道两教之间的紧密互动及其在宗教介入下独特的景境指归;3)别业类词义,与一般认识中“城市山林”所涉例证应处城市地、傍宅地相悖,体现出词中“山林”与“城市”审美的复杂性及二者关系的多样性;4)城市风景类词义,表明该词还与更大范围内的区域“风景”“形胜”存在指代关联;5)人物评价类词义,揭示了该词在古人栖止之志、出处之择层面的象征与引申意义。最后,基于对上述“城市山林”历史语境的再认识,强调了该词对于深化中国园林概念史研究的意义与其在当代的承衍价值。"Chengshi Shanlin",which emerged during the mature period of Chinese garden development,is one of the most crucial garden words in the later stages of ancient Chinese gardens.However,previous research has not yet conducted a more in-depth examination of the semantic development of this word following its formation in Yuan Dynasty.In this regard,based on the search for the word"Chengshi Shanlin"within the SikuQuanshu Series Database and subsequent collation and statistical analysis of the obtained data,this paper first analyzed the word's usage conditions across various dynasties,literary genres,and Chinese ancient taxonomy of four parts,summarizing the characteristics and evolution in its use.It was found that the word generally had a strong spatial indicator and a broad cognitive base,closely related to the ancients'experiential observations and emotional expressions regarding cities,nature,and dwellings,etc.Secondly,a focused examination was conducted on the complex semantic items of"Cheng Shi Shan Lin"in Ming and Qing Dynasties,revealing that its meaning primarily pointed towards five distinct contexts of usage:1)In the context of residential garden literature,highlighting the word's widely acknowledged historical basis as a synonym for"urban private gardens"in academic discourse,centrally reflecting the perceptual dimensions and rich facets of ancients'"Shanlin"aesthetics;2)In the context of temple and Taoist temple literature,demonstrating its close interaction with Buddhism and Taoism,as well as its unique scenery-realm implications under religious influence;3)In the context of villa literature,contradicting the common understanding that examples associated with the word should be located in urban areas or adjacent to residences,revealing the complexity of"Shanlin"and"Chengshi"aesthetics and the diversity of their interrelations;4)In the context of urbanscape and landscape literature,indicating that the word also has an association with broader regional"Fengjing"and"Xingsheng";5)In the context of individual

关 键 词：风景园林 “城市山林” 词义 《四库》系 概念史 

分 类 号：TU986[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]