间接证据证明标准的检视与修正——以30件类案不同判案例为样本的分析  

Review and Revision of the Standard of Proof for Indirect Evidence:Analysis Based on 30 Similar Cases with Different Judgments as Samples

作　　者：杨令一 Yang Lingyi

机构地区：[1]北京警察学院法律系 [2]北京警察学院首都公安执法监督研究中心

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2024年第8期121-139,159,160,共21页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

摘　　要：随着诉讼文明与物证技术的不断进步,间接证据在司法证明中的占比不断上升,而准确把握间接证据的证明标准是运用间接证据的核心问题。《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》第140条对间接证据证明标准做出规定,在对该条文规范检视的基础上,本文通过对比15组共30件主要依靠间接证据做出的类案不同判案件发现,当下间接证据证明标准依然采用客观主义进路压制自由心证,导致审判实践对间接证据证明标准的偏移和逃离。未来应剥离“证据已经查证属实”“结论具有唯一性”等规定,设立“证据推理链条完整性”标准并将印证功能局限于验证之上,以激活审判人员的认知活力与能动性。此外,还需明确经验适用规则,发挥其对自由心证的约束作用,保障依据间接证据认定事实的过程正当性与结论准确性。With the continuous advancement of litigation practices and physical evidence technology,the proportion of circumstantial evidence in judicial proof is likely to continue increasing.Accurately determining the standard of proof for circumstantial evidence is the core issue in the use of indirect evidence.Article 140 of theInterpretationof the Supreme People's Court delineates the standard of proof for circumstantial evidence.Based on a standardized review of this article,this study compares 15 groups of 30 similar cases with different verdicts mainly relying on indirect evidence.It was found that the standard of proof for current indirect evidence still adopts an objectivist approach to suppress free evaluation of evidence,causing trial practices to deviate from the standard of proof for current indirect evidence.In the future,provisions such as“the evidence has been verified to be true”and“the conclusion is unique”should be removed.A standard of“integrity of the evidence reasoning chain”should be established,and the verification function should be limited to verification,in order to activate the cognitive vitality and initiative of judges.Additionally,it is necessary to clarify the rules for the application of experience,to exert their restraint effect on free evaluation of evidence,and to ensure the legitimacy of the process of determining facts based on indirect evidence and the accuracy of conclusions.

关 键 词：间接证据 证明标准 事实认定 印证证明 自由心证 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]