地理环境:决定论的反思与影响论的探讨  

Geographical Environment:A Reflection on Determinism and a Discussion of Influence Theory

作　　者：包庆德[1] 岳昕璐 BAO Qingde;YUE Xinlu(School of Philosophy,Inner Mongolia University)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古大学哲学学院

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第5期26-40,共15页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“唯物史观视野中的当代西方生态哲学思潮研究”(22AZX002)。

摘　　要：关于地理环境与人类社会历史的关系,中外学界始终存在“决定论”与“影响论”之争,将地理环境的决定作用界定为“为人类的产生、生存、发展、消亡或离开这个环境提供了物质基础”等方面,然而在具体时空范围中,地理环境一般只起着加速或延缓作用,并不具有决定性,对此可姑且称之为“抽象决定论”和“具体影响论”。地理环境是“决定”还是“影响”人类社会的发展进步,这的确是值得深度追问且有待持续展开探讨的问题。学界将孟德斯鸠的“气候影响是一切影响中最强有力影响”、黑格尔的“自然界是历史的地理基础”、马克思和恩格斯的“人类社会与地理环境是矛盾统一体”、普列汉诺夫的“地理环境直接影响生产力发展”等关于地理环境的阐释笼统归结为“地理环境决定论”,是值得商榷的。实际上,所谓“地理环境决定论”乃是“地理环境影响论”,由此在现实意义上的“地理环境影响论”,远比在抽象意义上的“地理环境决定论”更有时代价值。自觉遵循“地理环境影响论”,站在人与自然和谐共生的高度谋划发展,推进人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,自觉保护和积极改善自然,推动文明之兴衰的生态考量和评价,引领确立发展的生态向度和生态标准。With regard to the relationship between the geographical environment and human social history,there has been an ongoing debate between the“determinism”and the“influence theory”in Chinese and foreign academia,which defines the determining role of the geographical environment as“providing a material basis for the emergence,survival,development and extinction of human beings”and so on.However,within specific temporal and spatial contexts,the geographical environment typically plays an accelerating or delaying role rather than a decisive one.This can be provisionally termed“abstract determinism”and“concrete influence theory”.Whether the geographical environment“determines”or“influences”the development and progress of human society is indeed a question worth deep inquiry and ongoing exploration.The academic community often broadly categorizes Montesquieu's idea that“climate influence is the most powerful of all influences”,Hegel's view that“nature is the geographical basis of history”,Marx and Engels's concept of“the contradiction and unity between human society and the geographical environment”,and Plekhanov's assertion that“the geographical environment directly influences the development of productive forces”as examples of“geographical determinism”,which is open to debate.In fact,what is referred to as“geo-environmental determinism”is actually“geo-environmental influence theory”.Thus,in practical terms,“geoenvironmental influence theory”holds far greater contemporary value than“geo-environmental determinism”in the abstract sense.Consciously adhering to“geo-environmental influence theory”and planning development from the perspective of harmonious coexistence between man and nature can advance a Chinese path to modernization.This approach involves actively protecting and improving the natural environment,incorporating ecological considerations into evaluations of civilizational rise and fall,and establishing ecological dimensions and standards to guid

关 键 词：地理环境 抽象决定论 具体影响论 人与自然和谐共生 生态评价标准 

分 类 号：X24[环境科学与工程—环境科学] X144[哲学宗教—哲学理论] B02