短跑运动员跳跃不同高度障碍物落地阶段下肢关节生物力学差异分析  

Biomechanical Differences in Lower Extremity Joints During Landing Cushioning Phase of Short Sprinters Jumping Over Obstacles of Different Heights

作　　者：张星辰 高原[2] 孙阳 Zhang Xingchen;Gao Yuan;Sun Yang(School of Physical Education,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao 066004,China)

机构地区：[1]燕山大学体育学院,河北秦皇岛066004 [2]燕山大学河北省智能康复及神经调控重点实验室,河北秦皇岛066004

出　　处：《体育科技文献通报》2024年第10期49-52,共4页Bulletin of Sport Science & Technology

摘　　要：目的:探究跳跃不同高度障碍物对短跑运动员落地阶段膝关节损伤风险的影响。方法:招募19名短跑运动员,采用三维动作捕捉系统QUALISYS和KISTLER测力台,同步采集运动员跳跃障碍落地阶段下肢各关节运动学、动力学参数。结果:与跳跃60 cm高障碍物相比,跳跃75 cm高障碍物落地阶段踝关节和髋关节角速度显著增加(P<0.05);跳跃90 cm高障碍物落地阶段踝、膝和髋关节角速度、膝关节能量耗散百分比,股髌关节力和股髌关节应力,以及地面反作用力合力峰值显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:随着跳跃障碍物高度的增加,运动员采取更为主动的落地方式,通过增大膝关节屈曲幅度和降低膝关节刚度来缓冲落地带来的冲击负荷,减小膝关节损伤风险;跳跃90 cm高障碍物落地阶段,会使股髌关节应力和膝关节能量耗散增加,运动员股髌关节损伤风险也在提高。建议:加强对臀大肌、臀中肌、股四头肌和腘绳肌等肌群的训练,增强髋关节和膝关节处肌肉力量,以减少关节压力。OBJECTIVE:This study aims to investigate the influence of jumping over obstacles of different heights on the risk of knee joint injuries during the landing cushioning stage for short sprinters.METHODS:Nineteen short sprinters were recruited,and three-dimensional motion capture system QUALISYS and KISTLER force plates were used to simultaneously collect kinematic and kinetic parameters of lower limb joints during the landing phase after jumping over obstacles:RESULTS:Compared to jumping over a 6Ocm high obstacle,jumping over a 75cm high obstacle significantly increased ankle and hip joint angular velocities during the landing cushioning stage(P<0.05).Jumping over a 90cm high obstacle significantly increased ankle,knee,and hip joint angular velocities,knee joint energy dissipation percentage,patellofemoral joint force and stress,as well as the peak resultant ground reaction force(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:As the height of the obstacle increases,athletes adopt a more proactive landing strategy by increasing knee joint flexion amplitude and reducing knee joint stiffness to cushion the impact load during landing and reduce the risk of knee joint injuries.Jumping over a 9Ocm high obstacle during the landing cushioning stage increases patellofemoral joint stress and knee joint energy dissipation,increasing the risk of patellofemoral joint injuries.SUGGESTION:Strengthen training of the gluteus maximus,gluteus medius,quadriceps femoris,and hamstring muscles to enhance muscle strength around the hip and knee joints and reduce joint stress.

关 键 词：跳跃障碍 短跑运动员 膝关节损伤 落地 

分 类 号：G822.1[文化科学—体育训练]