从民族国家视角到大西洋视野:美英废奴史学的新趋向  

From Nation-State Perspective to Atlantic Perspective:New Trends in the American and British Historiography of Slavery Abolition

作　　者：林煜堃 Lin Yukun

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第5期159-173,180,共16页World History

摘　　要：西方传统的废奴史学是以民族国家为中心的,主要关注本国的社会改革运动。自20世纪60年代开始,以大西洋史、跨国史、全球史为代表的史学革新思潮逐渐兴起,涉及废奴主题的史学理论和领域逐渐打破民族国家的研究边界,目光转向关注整个大西洋世界。在大西洋视野之下,废奴史学的考察范围由英美联系、跨国废奴网络升级至全景式综合研究,涵盖了宏观和微观两个维度。在民权运动和女性主义的影响之下,学者们从大西洋视野重新阐释了参与废奴的黑人和妇女的历史贡献,以及废奴主义者内部的种族性别矛盾等经典学术问题。大西洋视野展现了废奴运动的多重面向,为废奴史学带来了新气象,学者对废奴主义的定义包容性更强,研究特别注重历史语境和时空维度的扩展。但同时,这种研究取向也存在一定的问题,如相关地域研究发展不均衡,多元文化主义和身份政治冲击下对某些群体的历史作用矫枉过正,以及历史解释中的目的论陷阱。因此,并非所有跨洋联系与互动都值得研究,学者要进行筛选、甄别与判断,强行建立联系而忽视其实质意义,只会误入歧途。The Western traditional historiography of slavery abolition is centred on the nation-state,mainly focusing on social reform movements in the country.Since the 1960s,the innovative trend of historiography,represented by the Atlantic history,transnational history,and global history,gradually rose.Historical theories and fields relating to slavery abolition gradually broke the boundaries of the study of nation-state and shifted their focus to the entire Atlantic world.From the Atlantic perspective,the scope of historiography of slavery abolition has been promoted from the Anglo-American connection and transnational abolitionist network to a panoramic and comprehensive study,covering both macro and micro dimensions.Under the influence of the civil rights movement and feminism,scholars reinterpreted the historical contributions of the blacks and women involved in slavery abolition from the Atlantic perspective,as well as classic academic topics,such as racial and gender tensions within the abolitionist community.The Atlantic perspective showed the multiple facets of the abolitionist movement and brought a new atmosphere to the slavery abolition historiography,with scholars'definitions of abolitionism becoming more inclusive and research paying special attention to the expansion of historical contexts and spatial and temporal dimensions.However,there were certain problems with that research orientation,such as the uneven development of related geographical studies,the overkill of the historical role of certain groups under the impact of multiculturalism and identity politics,and the trap of purposivism in historical interpretation.Therefore,not all trans-oceanic links and interactions are worthy of study.Scholars need to filter,screen and make judgements.Forcing to establish the links while ignoring their substantive significance will only lead them astray.

关 键 词：废奴史学 大西洋视野 大西洋史 跨国史 全球史 

分 类 号：K561.4[历史地理—历史学] K712.4[历史地理—世界史] K091[政治法律—政治学] D756.1[政治法律—中外政治制度] D771.2