先秦儒家节制美德思想及其现代发展——与柏拉图比较的视角  

The Thought of Temperance in Pre-Qin Confucianism and Its Modern Development

作　　者：晏玉荣 宋亚雯 YAN Yu-rong;SONG Ya-wen(Shandong Technology and Business University,Yantai 264005,China)

机构地区：[1]山东工商学院马克思主义学院,山东烟台264005 [2]北京师范大学-香港浸会大学联合国际学院人文社科学院,广东珠海519000

出　　处：《山东工商学院学报》2024年第6期105-112,共8页Journal of Shandong Technology and Business University

基　　金：山东省社会科学规划研究专项“‘大思政课’视阈下大学生政治认同提升研究”(23CSZJ19);山东省人文社会科学课题“‘淄博烧烤’中齐鲁优秀传统文化‘两创’研究”(2023WHLC118)。

摘　　要：比照柏拉图在《理想国》中对节制美德内涵的规定,即灵魂的好秩序与和谐,能够发现先秦儒学同样蕴含着丰富的节制美德思想,如“克己复礼”、以“心”治“欲”等。而对于节制美德的规范性,先秦儒家比柏拉图提供了更为合理的论证。因为在柏拉图那里,人类生活最高的善,即幸福是由理性对“善的形式”的认知来保证的,但理性最好能脱离肉体而存在,且人的理性天然的不平等,这些使得节制美德要么近似于禁欲,要么只是外在的强制;先秦儒家则认为最高的善,即“道”是通过人们“克己复礼”或存养“本心”或正确地使用“知心”而实现的,“本心”或“知心”是“道”赋予人的平等的修德之基础,且不离人身而存在、不离人伦而作用,故人人皆有实现身心和谐有序的可能。借鉴马斯洛存在心理学以及冯友兰抽象继承法有助于实现先秦儒家节制美德思想的现代发展。Comparing Plato's stipulation of the connotation of the virtue of temperance in the Ideal Republic,which is the good order and harmony of the soul,we can find that pre-Qin Confucianism also contains a wealth of ideas on the virtue of temperance,such as“self-denial and revenge”,and“heart”to govern“desire”.As for the normativity of the virtue of temperance,pre-Qin Confucianism provided a more reasonable argument than Plato.For in Plato,the highest good of human life,which means that happiness is guaranteed by the knowledge of reason in the“form of the good”,but it is better for reason to exist apart from the body and human reason is naturally unequal so that the virtue of temperance is either akin to abstinence or only external compulsion.Pre-Qin Confucianism believed that the highest good which means that the“Tao”is achieved through people's“self-denial and retribution”or the cultivation of the“original heart”or the correct use of the“knowing heart”,and the“original heart”or“knowing the heart”is the basis for the equal cultivation of virtue given by the“Tao”to people which does not exist and function without leaving the human body,so everyone has the possibility of achieving harmony and order of body and mind.Drawing on Maslow's existential psychology and Feng Youlan's abstract inheritance method will help to realize the modern development of the pre-Qin Confucian idea of temperance and virtue.

关 键 词：节制美德 规范性 孔子 孟子 荀子 柏拉图 

分 类 号：B222.05[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B502.232