神与命运:从斯宾诺莎、尼采到德勒兹的哲学轨迹  

God and Fate:The Philosophical Trajectory from Spinoza, Nietzsche to Deleuze

作　　者：吴增定 WU Zengding

机构地区：[1]北京大学美学与美育研究中心

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第11期5-26,共22页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“尼采哲学、现象学与后形而上学语境中的主体性问题研究”(项目编号:21BZX016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：尼采在给好友欧维贝克的信中对斯宾诺莎的哲学给予了极高的评价,认为自己和斯宾诺莎在哲学上有着惊人的共识,即都将知识看成是情感(或力量意志)的一种具体表现。但是,尼采在后来的著作中对斯宾诺莎哲学的批评越来越多,以至于最后变成了基本否定。尼采对斯宾诺莎哲学的这种前后相反的态度根植于斯宾诺莎哲学本身的内在张力。一方面,斯宾诺莎肯定了包括人在内的一切自然事物(也就是有限样态)都有一种自我保存的欲求,并为此尽可能地追求力量,而知识或观念本身就体现了这种自我保存的欲求。就这方面来说,斯宾诺莎的哲学是一种反目的论的“存在动力学”。另一方面,斯宾诺莎又认为人的理性才是这种欲求的最高原则和终极目的,这等于是又预设了一种新的目的论,退回到了他所反对的传统理性主义形而上学的立场。尼采最初只看到了斯宾诺莎哲学的反目的论的一面,所以对他高度评价;但随着理解的深入,他越来越不能接受斯宾诺莎哲学的理性主义和目的论的一面。对于尼采与斯宾诺莎在哲学上的这种复杂关系,德勒兹选择性地淡化和忽略了二者的分歧,而是更强调他们的一致性,认为他们的哲学都属于由中世纪经院哲学家邓斯·司各脱所开启的“存在的单义性”和“内在性”哲学的传统。In a letter to his friend Franz Overbeck, Nietzsche spoke highly of Spinoza's philosophy, believing that they had an amazing consensus in philosophy, namely, to regard knowledge as a concrete manifestation of affect(or will to power). However, Nietzsche's criticism of Spinoza's philosophy became more and more in his later works, and finally turned into a basic negation. This article believes that Nietzsche's two opposite attitudes towards Spinoza's philosophy are precisely rooted in the inherent tension of Spinoza's philosophy itself. On the one hand,Spinoza affirmed that all natural things(that is, finite modes), including humans, have a desire for self-preservation and pursue power as much as possible for this purpose, and knowledge or ideas themselves embody this desire for self-preservation. In this respect, Spinoza's philosophy is an anti-teleological “dynamics of being”. On the other hand, Spinoza believed that human rationality was the highest principle and ultimate goal of this desire, which was equivalent to presupposing a new teleology and retreating to the traditional rationalist metaphysical position that he opposed. Nietzsche initially only saw the anti-teleological side of Spinoza's philosophy, so he spoke highly of him. But later, as his understanding deepened, he became increasingly unable to accept the rationalist and teleological side of Spinoza's philosophy. Regarding this complex philosophical relationship between Nietzsche and Spinoza, Deleuze selectively downplayed and ignored the differences between the two, and instead emphasized their consistency, believing that their philosophies both belonged to the tradition of “the univocity of being” and the philosophy of “immanence” initiated by the medieval scholastic philosopher Duns Scotus.

关 键 词：神 力量 原因 存在的单义性 差异性 

分 类 号：B51[哲学宗教—外国哲学] B56