不同施氮量下黑土地春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态及产量形成差异  

The Difference of Grain Starch Accumulation Dynamics and Yield Formation of Spring Maize Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates in Black Soil

作　　者：曹文茁 于振文[1] 张永丽[1] 张振 石玉[1] 王永军[2] CAO WenZhuo;YU ZhenWen;ZHANG YongLi;ZHANG Zhen;SHI Yu;WANG YongJun(College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Tillage,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tai'an 271018,Shandong;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun 130033)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学农学院/农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,山东泰安271018 [2]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,长春130033

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第22期4431-4443,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1501105)。

摘　　要：【目的】明确适宜施氮量条件下黑土地春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态和产量形成的生理机制,以期为春玉米高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验于2022和2023年2个春玉米生长季,在吉林省公主岭市吉林省农业科学院试验田开展,设置5个施氮量处理:全生育期不施氮(N0)、90 kg·hm^(-2)(N90)、135 kg·hm^(-2)(N135)、180 kg·hm^(-2)(N180)和225 kg·hm^(-2)(N225),通过测定春玉米穗位叶蔗糖含量和蔗糖代谢关键酶活性探究不同施氮量条件下穗位叶蔗糖合成能力和籽粒淀粉合成能力;通过Logistic方程拟合春玉米籽粒总淀粉及其组分积累特性,明确施氮量对春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态及产量形成的影响。【结果】(1)春玉米产量随施氮量增加先升高后降低,N0、N90、N135、N180、N225处理两年平均产量分别为8 992.90、11 199.47、12 126.78、14 049.42、13 213.21 kg·hm^(-2),以施氮量为180 kg·hm^(-2)的N180处理最高。(2)N180处理开花后0、12、24、36、48 d穗位叶蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性均显著高于N0、N90、N135处理,与N225处理无显著差异。开花后24、36、48 d,N180处理籽粒可溶性淀粉酶(SSS)活性最高,较N0、N90、N135、N225处理两年平均分别提高62.43%、31.33%、14.85%、7.80%。(3)Logistic方程解析表明,各处理籽粒总淀粉、支链、直链淀粉积累速率和活跃积累期随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,均以N180处理最优。与N0、N90、N135、N225处理相比,N180处理两年平均总淀粉积累速率和积累活跃期分别高43.35%、23.16%、13.22%、5.92%和7.30%、3.84%、4.11%、3.83%,两年平均籽粒淀粉积累速率达到最大时籽粒淀粉积累量为12.90 g,各处理成熟期总淀粉积累量分别为6 725.60、8 510.17、9 150.62、10 387.35、9 604.04 kg·hm^(-2)。(4)相关分析结果表明,春玉米产量与灌浆期穗位叶蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶活性、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性、籽�【Objective】The physiological mechanism of starch accumulation and yield formation of spring maize in black soil under suitable nitrogen application was studied,in order to provide the theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation technology of spring maize.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in the spring maize growing seasons of 2022 and 2023 in Gongzhuling City,Jilin Province,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Five nitrogen application treatments were set up:no nitrogen(N0),90 kg·hm^(-2)(N90),135 kg·hm^(-2)(N135),180 kg·hm^(-2)(N180),and 225 kg·hm^(-2)(N225).The synthesis capacity of sucrose in the ear leaf and the activity of key enzymes in sucrose metabolism were measured to investigate the sucrose synthesis capacity of the ear leaf and grain starch synthesis capacity under different nitrogen application rates.The accumulation characteristics of total starch and its components in maize grain were fitted by Logistic equation to clarify the impact of nitrogen application rate on the dynamic of starch accumulation in maize grain and grain yield formation.【Result】(1)With the escalation of nitrogen application rates,the yield of spring maize exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease.The average yields under N0,N90,N135,N180,and N225 treatments over two years were 8992.90,11199.47,12126.78,14049.42,and 13213.21 kg·hm^(-2),respectively.Notably,the N180 treatment resulted in the highest yield.(2)The sucrose content,sucrose synthetase(SS)and sucrose phosphate synthetase(SPS)activities in ear leaves at 0,12,24,36 and 48 days after flowering under N180 treatment were significantly higher than those under N0,N90 and N135 treatment,and there was no significant difference between N225 and N180 treatment.At 24,36 and 48 days after flowering,the activity of soluble amylase(SSS)in grains treated under N180 was the highest,and the average SSS activity of grains under N0,N90,N135 and N225 was increased by 62.43%,31.33%,14.85%and 7.80%,respectively.(3)Logistic eq

关 键 词：春玉米 施氮量 籽粒淀粉积累 产量 蔗糖合成酶 籽粒淀粉合成酶 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]