依赖语境的伦理普遍主义  

Context-dependent ethical universalism

作　　者：范志军[1] FAN Zhi-jun

机构地区：[1]东南大学人文学院,江苏南京210096

出　　处：《东南大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第6期33-42,147,共11页Journal of Southeast University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“康德式元伦理学研究”(23FZXB050)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：当代以麦克道威尔和丹西为代表的伦理特殊主义者批评以康德伦理学为典范的普遍主义道德,认为这种道德将伦理原则公式化,脱离具体语境来运用普遍原则,这导致伦理判断对具体语境是不敏感的。当代康德主义者回应了伦理特殊主义者对普遍主义道德的批评,他们通过降低普遍原则的抽象性和引入道德敏感性规则,试图建立依赖具体语境并对具体语境敏感的普遍主义道德。但是他们的这种回应是有问题的。不过,如果我们区分开道德法则和德性法则,实践的规定性判断和反思性判断,把康德的普遍原则看作德性法则,道德判断看作实践的反思性判断,那么就能够思考一种康德式语境依赖和敏感的普遍主义伦理。Ethical particularists, represented by MacIntyre and Dancy, are critical of the universalistic morality based on Kantian ethics. They argue that this type of morality formalizes ethical principles and decontextualizes universal principles, leading to insensitivity of ethical judgments to specific contexts. Contemporary Kantians respond by establishing a universalistic morality that depends on and is sensitive to specific contexts through reducing the abstraction of universal principles and introducing rules of ethical sensitivity. This response has flaws, but nevertheless, if we differentiate moral laws and laws of virtue, and prescriptive judgments and reflective judgments of practice, we can consider Kant’s universal principles as laws of virtue and moral judgments as reflective judgments of practice, and then contemplate a universalistic ethics that is Kantian-style, context-dependent and sensitive.

关 键 词：伦理特殊主义麦克道威尔 丹西 实践的反思性判断 普遍主义道德 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]