精准减量施肥灌溉对设施番茄产量和品质提升的效果  

Effect of Precise Reduction of Fertilization and Irrigation on Improvement of Yield and Quality of Protected Tomato

作　　者：韩宝 赵凯丽 朱文 李萍 郭宁 HAN Bao;ZHAO Kaili;ZHU Wen;LI Ping;GUO Ning(Beijing Fangshan District Planting Technology Extension Station,Beijing 102412,China;Beijing Cultivated Land Construction and Protection Center,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]北京市房山区种植业技术推广站,北京102412 [2]北京市耕地建设保护中心,北京100101

出　　处：《蔬菜》2024年第12期59-64,共6页Vegetables

基　　金：北京市设施蔬菜创新团队(BAI01-2023);2024年房山区耕地质量提升化肥减量增效项目。

摘　　要：水肥是限制设施作物增产的关键因素,为了探究适宜京郊设施番茄优质高产的水肥管理模式,利用番茄各生长时期的需肥需水规律,实施水肥一体化精准灌溉策略,以常规灌溉施肥为对照,设置常规灌溉量(W2)和减量灌溉(W1)共2个灌溉水平,常规施肥量(FP)和减量施肥量(OPT)共2个施肥水平,共计4个处理组合,探究其对番茄产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:从生长指标来看,株高、茎粗、叶片长度和最大叶宽均以减量灌溉施肥处理1(OPT-W1)最高,且株高、叶片长度分别较常规灌溉施肥处理4(FP-W2)显著提高27.1%、12.3%。从果实品质来看,处理1较处理4显著提高了番茄的可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量,总酸含量也有所增加,同时显著降低了硝酸盐含量,表明减少灌溉与施肥量并不会影响番茄品质。在产量方面,以处理1最高,较处理4增产8.3%;在减量灌溉水平下,处理1较常规施肥量处理2(FP-W1)产量提高5.8%。在减量施肥水平下,常规灌溉量(处理3,OPT-W2)造成了番茄减产,而减量灌溉处理2增加了追肥次数和降低了灌溉量,却未造成番茄减产。就效益而言,常规施肥量(处理2和处理4)施肥成本是减量施肥(处理1和处理3)的5.2倍;与常规灌溉施肥处理4相比,其他处理均有增收,处理1纯收入最高,增收率19.8%,处理2与处理3的增收效果相近;虽然处理3出现了减产,但由于追肥成本低,故仍有增收。综上,推荐滴灌模式下的化肥投入量为347.3 kg/hm^(2)(N 121.2 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5) 32.0 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 194.1 kg/hm^(2)),同时配合在9—11月灌溉5~6次/月(每次灌溉量50~60 m^(3)/hm^(2))、12月—次年1月灌溉2~3次/月(每次灌溉量40 m^(3)/hm^(2))、2月灌溉4次/月(每次灌溉量70 m^(3)/hm^(2)),可以实现设施番茄的优质高产。Water and fertilizer are the key factors limiting the yield increase of protected crops.In order to explore the water and fertilizer management mode suitable for high quality and high yield of protected tomato in Beijing suburbs,the precise irrigation strategy of water and fertilizer integration was implemented by using the law of fertilizer and water demand in each growth stage of tomato.Compared with conventional fertigation,two irrigation levels of conventional irrigation (W2) and reduced irrigation (W1) and two fertilization levels of conventional fertilization rate (FP) and reduced fertilization rate (OPT) were set for four treatment combinations to explore their effects on tomato yield,quality and economic benefits.The results showed that in terms of growth indexes,plant height,stem diameter,leaf length and maximum leaf width were the highest in treatment 1 (OPT-W1),and the plant height and leaf length were significantly increased by 27.1% and 12.3% compared with treatment 4 (FP-W2),respectively.In terms of fruit quality,the contents of soluble solids and vitamin C of treatment 1 were increased significantly compared with treatment 4,and the total acid content was increased too,while nitrate content decreased significantly,which indicated that reduction of fertigation had no effect on tomato quality.In terms of yield,treatment 1 was the highest,which was increased by 8.3% compared with treatment 4.Under the level of reduced irrigation,the yield of treatment 1 was increased by 5.8% compared with that of treatment 2 (FP-W1).Under the level of reduced fertilization,the yield decreased under treatment 3 (OPT-W2),while the yield was increased of treatment 2 with reduced irrigation because of the increasing topdressing times and reduced irrigation rate.In terms of benefits,the fertilization costs of conventional fertilization rate (treatments 2 and treatments 4) were 5.2 times of reduced fertilization rate (treatments 1 and treatments 3).The net income of other treatments was increased compared with treatment 4,t

关 键 词：精准施肥 番茄 产量 水肥一体化 化肥减量增效 水分利用率 可溶性固形物 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S626[农业科学—园艺学]