《海国图志》里的“弥利坚”形象与魏源的“托洋改制”  

The Image of"Mi Li Jian"in Hai Guo Tu Zhi and Wei Yuan's Idea of"Institutional Reform by Emulating the West"

作　　者：马晓见 Ma Xiaojian(School of Philosophy,Wuhan University)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院

出　　处：《开放时代》2024年第6期28-45,共18页Open Times

基　　金：“国家资助博士后研究人员计划”(资助编号:GZB20230550)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《海国图志》“弥利坚”部分记述彼时美国,但其文本形象带有建构性。书中凸显了该国作为足以与世界霸主英国相拮抗的新兴强国的世界地位,同时据此展开其“托洋改制”:其政制的枢纽与富强的根源被聚焦于“无君”,其选举制的目标被描绘为“公举贤者”,其政制的精神被理解为“自下而上”。此“托洋改制”根源于魏源自己的政治理想:对李贽“无君”思想的现实化,对中国历史“选贤与能”理想进一步的期望和对共同体建基于百姓自主政治行动的认同。此“托洋改制”与龚自珍的“托古始改制”和康有为的“托孔子改制”有所区别,又分别在“自下而上”精神与“太平”理想上深层次相通。此文本里的弥利坚是魏源思想的有机部分,也是魏源对中国内生现代性思潮的深度推进。Wei Yuan's book,Hai Guo Tu Zhi,has a subjectively constructive description of the then United States in the"Mi Li Jian"section.The book highlights Mi Li Jian's world status as an emerging power capable of contending with the then world hegemon,Britain.According to Wei Yuan's reform-motivated account,the key to Mi Li Jjian's prosperity lies in its political system of"having no king."Its electoral system is depicted as aiming for"the public election of the virtuous,"and its political system is understood as a"bottom-up"mechanism."Institutional reforming by emulating the West"is an idea deeply rooted in Wei Yuan's own political aspiration,and this includes the realization of Li Zhi's thought of"having no king,"the expectation of China moving closer to the ideal of"selecting the virtuous and the capable for public offices,"and the recognition of a community based on the autonomous political actions of the common people.Wei Yuan's"institutional reform by emulating the West"differs from Gong Zizhen's"institutional reform by emulating the ancient"and Kang Youwei's"institutional reform by invoking Confucius doctrines",yet they deeply resonate with each other in terms of the"bottom-up"spirit and the ideal of"peace and prosperity."The Mi Li Jian in this text is an integral part of Wei Yuan's thought and also represents a profound advancement in the trend of China's endogenous modernity.

关 键 词：《海国图志》 魏源 弥利坚 改制 内生现代性 

分 类 号：B25[哲学宗教—中国哲学]