先行行为不作为犯的归责认定——人民法院案例库2023-03-1-177-001号案例解读  

Attribution of Liability for Prior Omission Offenses——Interpretation of Case No.2023-03-1-177-001 in the Case Database of the People's Courts

作　　者：谢绍华[1] Xie Shaohua

机构地区：[1]北京政法职业学院

出　　处：《北京政法职业学院学报》2024年第4期82-87,共6页Journal of Beijing College of Politics and Law

基　　金：“十四五”教育部人文社科学重点研究基地重大项目“新型科技安全领域问题中的归责问题研究”的阶段性研究成果,项目批准号:23JJD820001。

摘　　要：司法实践中对先行行为不作为犯的归责认定一直以来存在争议。人民法院案例库编号2023-03-1-177-001号载选“陈某宏故意杀人案”,就船舶碰撞导致船只倾覆、船员落水,肇事责任人能够救助而不救助并逃离现场致使落水船员死亡行为的认定,申明裁判理由。解读该案,有助于加深先行行为不作为犯处罚的规范性认识。从刑法的立场来观察,认定先行行为不作为犯,不仅需要行为人因自己的先行行为产生作为义务;其违反的作为义务还须达到排他性支配的程度;并且,行为人的不作为与结果之间存在因果关系的判断不应取决于其行为是否具有几近确定的可能性可以避免结果的发生,而应取决于行为人的不作为对于结果的发生是否有贡献,亦即若采取行为是否能够降低结果发生的危险。In judicial practice,there has been ongoing controversy regarding the attribution of liability for prior omission offenses.Case No.2023-03-1-177-001 in the Case Database of the People's Courts,titled "Chen Xinhong's Intentional Homicide Case," addresses the determination of liability for the behavior of a perpetrator who,following a ship collision that caused the vessel to capsize and crew members to fall into the water,was able to provide assistance but chose not to and fled the scene,ultimately leading to the death of the fallen crew members.The case statement explains the rationale behind the verdict.Interpreting this case can help deepen the normative understanding of the punishment for prior omission offenses.From the perspective of criminal law,to determine a prior omission offense,it is not only necessary that the perpetrator incur an obligation to act due to their prior conduct;the obligation violated must also reach a level of exclusive control.Furthermore,the judgment of whether there is a causal relationship between the perpetrator's omission and the outcome should not depend on whether their action had a nearly certain possibility of preventing the outcome but rather on whether the perpetrator's omission contributed to the occurrence of the outcome,i.e.,whether taking action would have reduced the risk of the outcome occurring.

关 键 词：先行行为不作为犯 归责 作为义务程度 排他性支配 因果关系判断标准 

分 类 号：D915[政治法律—诉讼法学]